In writing and speaking, there are four basic types of sentences that we use for different purposes:

• declarative sentences

• interrogative sentences

• imperative sentences

• exclamatory sentences

The cost of 1 kg of newspaper = Rs 5
So, the cost of 31 kg of newspaper    = Rs 5 x 31
= Rs 155.

We have to find the value of  upto two decimal places.

                1.414

         1      | 2

      + 1     |  1  

      2 4     |  1 00

    +   4      |   96

      28 1    |       4 00

        +  1    |       2 81

     282 4   |      1 19 00    

                  |      1 12 96  

                             604

Therefore, value of square root of 2 will be 1.41

The electronic configuration of carbon atom is 1s² 2s² 2px¹ 2py¹ and has four valence electrons. In order to form ionic compound, it has to either lose four electrons or gain four electrons. Since very high energy are involved in doing so. Carbon does not form ionic compounds. It completes its octet by sharing of electrons and forms covalent compounds.

Fatehpur Sikri

Shaikh Salim Chishti (1478-1572) is one of the most revered Sufi saints of the Mughal period in India. This khanqah, or hospice, was his original home and is located near the present-day World Heritage site of Fatehpur Sikri.

Global Depository Receipts (GDR) are the depository receipts denominated in US dollars issued by depository bank to which the local currency shares of a company are delivered. GDR is a negotiable instrument and can be traded freely like any other security. In the Indian context, a GDR is an instrument issued abroad by an Indian company to raise funds in some foreign currency and is listed and traded on a foreign stock exchange.

American Depository Receipts (ADR) The depository receipts issued by a company in the USA are known as American Depository Receipts. ADRs are bought and sold in American markets like regular stocks. ADR is similar to a GDR except that it can be issued only to American citizens and can be listed and traded on a stock exchange of USA.

Indian Depository Receipt- IDR is a financial instrument. It is issued  by domestic depository to the Indian citizens against the shares of foreign company. IDR is denominated in Indian rupees. It helps issuing company, i.e. foreign companies to raise capital from Indian securities market.
 

The changes that took place in the role of state since 1991 are as under:

1. Before economic reforms, government had its share in all sectors of the economy. It was producing bread, butter, biscuits, milk, running hotels and many of these were actually not required to be in public sector. Government withdrew herself from these sectors through delicensing, deregulation and disinvestment.
2. As a regulator, during 1947-1990, Government regulated all activities with the laws and acts. But after 1991, except some basic and strategic goods and services, decisions were made to be market driven. For this purpose, regulatory authorities were set up for different sectors.
3. Since 1991, Government has focused its attention on development of social sector like education, health, defence, law and order.

The major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India can be analysed as follows:

• Disintegration of Soviet Union gave an end to Cold War confrontations and to ideological disputes between two superpowers.
• Military alliances had been abolished and demand arose for world peace and security.
• Multipolar system was surpassed to exist where no single power could dominate and a group of countries could play a crucial role in world politics like NAM Countries.
• The US became the sole superpower and capitalist economy became dominant at international level. World Bank and IMF became powerful advisors due to their economic support to these countries during transitional period.
• The motion of liberal democracy emerged as a way to organise political life.

E-banking means any user with a PC and a browser can get connected to the banks’ website to perform any of the virtual banking functions and avail of any of the banks services. There is no human operator to respond to the needs of the customer. 

lassification of Sources of Funds

Period Basis

• On the basis of period, the different sources of funds can be categorized into three parts. These are long-term sources, medium-term sources and short-term sources.
• The long-term sources fulfill the financial requirements of an enterprise for a period exceeding 5 years and include sources such as shares and debentures, long-term borrowings and loans from financial institutions.
• Such financing is generally required for the acquisition of fixed assets such as equipment, plant, etc.
• Where the funds are required for a period of more than one year but less than five years, medium-term sources of finance are used. These sources include borrowings from commercial banks, public deposits, lease financing and loans from financial institutions.
• Short-term funds are those which are required for a period not exceeding one year. Trade credit, loans from commercial banks and commercial papers are some of the examples of the sources that provide funds for short duration.
• Short-term financing is most common for financing of current assets such as accounts receivable and inventories. Seasonal businesses that must build inventories in anticipation of selling requirements often need short-term financing for the interim period between seasons. Wholesalers and manufacturers with a major portion of their assets tied up in inventories or receivables also require large amount of funds for a short period.

Ownership Basis

• On the basis of ownership, the sources can be classified into ‘owner’s funds’ and ‘borrowed funds’.
• Owner’s funds means funds that are provided by the owners of an enterprise, which may be a sole trader or partners or shareholders of a company. Apart from capital, it also includes profits reinvested in the business.
• The owner’s capital remains invested in the business for a longer duration and is not required to be refunded during the life period of the business.
• Such capital forms the basis on which owners acquire their right of control of management. Issue of equity shares and retained earnings are the two important sources from where owner’s funds can be obtained.
• ‘Borrowed funds’ on the other hand, refer to the funds raised through loans or borrowings.
• The sources for raising borrowed funds include loans from commercial banks, loans from financial institutions, issue of debentures, public deposits and trade credit.
• Such sources provide funds for a specified period, on certain terms and conditions and have to be repaid after the expiry of that period. A fixed rate of interest is paid by the borrowers on such funds.
• At times it puts a lot of burden on the business as payment of interest is to be made even when the earnings are low or when loss is incurred. Generally, borrowed funds are provided on the security of some fixed assets.

Source of Generation Basis

• Another basis of categorizing the sources of funds can be whether the funds are generated from within the organization or from external sources.
• Internal sources of funds are those that are generated from within the business. A business, for example, can generate funds internally by accelerating collection of receivables, disposing of surplus inventories and Ploughing back its profit. The internal sources of funds can fulfill only limited needs of the business.
• External sources of funds include those sources that lie outside an organization, such as suppliers, lenders, and investors. When large amount of money is required to be raised, it is generally done through the use of external sources.
• External funds may be costly as compared to those raised through internal sources. In some cases, business is required to mortgage its assets as security while obtaining funds from external sources. Issue of debentures, borrowing from commercial banks and financial institutions and accepting public deposits are some of the examples of external sources of funds commonly used by business organizations.

NEED OF BUSINESS FINANCE:

1. Fixed Capital Requirement: In order to start a business, funds are needed to purchase fixed assets like land and building, plant and machinery.The funds required in fixed assest remain invested in the business for a long period of time.
2. Working Capital Requirement: A business needs funds for its day to day operation. This is known as working Capital requirements. Working capital is required for purchase of raw materials, to pay salaries, wages, rent and taxes.
3. Diversification: A company needs more funds to diversify its operation to become a multi-product company e.g. ITC.
4. Technology upgradation: Finance is needed to adopt modern technology for example uses of computers in business.
5. Growth and expansion: Higher growth of a business enterprise requires higher investment in fixed assets. So finance is needed for growth and expansion.

1. Article 1 (2) - Equal rights and self-determination of peoples
2. Article 2 (4) - Prohibition of threat or use of force in international relations
3. Article 2 (5) - Obligation to give assistance to the United Nations and refrain from assisting States targeted with preventive or enforcement action
4. Article 2 (6) - Need to ensure that non-United Nations Members act in accordance with its Principles
5. Article 2 (7) - Non-intervention in domestic affairs by the United Nations

Let r cos θ = –1 and r sin θ = 1

On squaring and adding, we obtain r² (cos² θ + sin² θ) = 1+ 1

⇒ r² (cos² θ + sin² θ) = 2

⇒ r² = 2       [cos² θ + sin² θ = 1]

This is the required polar form.

FINANCIAL INSTITUTION:

The state and central government have established many financial institutions to provide finance to companies. They are called development Bank. These are IFCI, ICICI, IDBI, LIC and UTI. etc.

MERITS:

1. Long term Finance: Financial Institution provide long term finance which is not provided by Commercial Bank.
2. Managerial Advice: They provide financial, managerial and technical advice to business firm.
3. Easy installments: Loan can be made in easy installments. It does not prove to be much of a burden on business.
4. Easy availibility: The funds are made available even during periods of depression.

LIMITATIONS/ DEMERITS:
1. More time Consuming: The procedure for granting loan is time consuming due to rigid criteria and many formalities.
2. Restrictions: Financial Institution place restrictions on the company’s board of Directors.