Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

Following are the disadvantages of Verbal Communication:
➨Emotions are visible and hence leads to trouble in certain cases. 
➨It has no legal validity and hence will lead to problems in certain situations. 
➨It does not provide permanent record unless it is recorded with modern means of storage. 
➨It has issues when communicating with distant people. 
➨It is difficult for certain people to understand speech due to various speech tones used in verbal communication. 
➨This form of communication is not suitable for lengthy message.

There are 7 C’s of effective communication which are applicable to both written as well as oral communication. These are as follows:

1. Completeness - The communication must be complete. It should convey all facts required by the audience. The sender of the message must take into consideration the receiver’s mind set and convey the message accordingly.
2. Conciseness - Conciseness means wordiness, i.e, communicating what you want to convey in least possible words without forgoing the other C’s of communication. Conciseness is a necessity for effective communication.
3. Consideration - Consideration implies “stepping into the shoes of others”. Effective communication must take the audience into consideration, i.e, the audience’s view points, background, mind-set, education level, etc. Make an attempt to envisage your audience, their requirements, emotions as well as problems. Ensure that the self-respect of the audience is maintained and their emotions are not at harm. Modify your words in message to suit the audience’s needs while making your message complete. 
4. Clarity - Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a time, rather than trying to achieve too much at once.
5. Concreteness - Concrete communication implies being particular and clear rather than fuzzy and general. Concreteness strengthens the confidence.
6. Courtesy - Courtesy in message implies the message should show the sender’s expression as well as should respect the receiver. The sender of the message should be sincerely polite, judicious, reflective and enthusiastic.
7. Correctness - Correctness in communication implies that there are no grammatical errors in communication.

They are the most obvious barriers to effective communication. These barriers are mostly easily removable in principle at least. They include barriers like noise, closed doors, faulty equipment used for communication, closed cabins, etc. Sometimes, in a large office, the physical separation between various employees combined with faulty equipment may result in severe barriers to effective communication.

Cultural Barriers of Communication

As the world is getting more and more globalized, any large office may have people from several parts of the world. Different cultures have a different meaning for several basic values of society. Dressing, Religions or lack of them, food, drinks, pets, and the general behaviour will change drastically from one culture to another.

Attitude Barriers

Certain people like to be left alone. They are the introverts or just people who are not very social. Others like to be social or sometimes extra clingy! Both these cases could become a barrier to communication. Some people have attitude issues, like huge ego and inconsiderate behaviours.

Perception Barriers

Different people perceive the same things differently. This is a fact which we must consider during the communication process. Knowledge of the perception levels of the audience is crucial to effective communication. All the messages or communique must be easy and clear. There shouldn’t be any room for a diversified interpretational set.

Physiological Barriers

Certain disorders or diseases or other limitations could also prevent effective communication between the various channels of an organization. The shrillness of voice, dyslexia, etc are some examples of physiological barriers to effective communication. However, these are not crucial because they can easily be compensated and removed.

Verbal communication is any communication that uses words to share information with others. These words may be both spoken and written. 

On the basis of the communication channels, types of communications are:

1. Verbal
2. Non-Verbal
3. Visual

Verbal

This involves the use of language and words for the purpose of passing on the intended message. In general terms, Verbal Communication means communication in the form of spoken words only. But, in the context of types of communication, verbal communication can be in the spoken or the written form

Non-Verbal Communication

In this type of communication, messages are relayed without the transmission of words. The messages here are wordless messages. This form of communication mainly aides verbal communication. It supplements it with gestures, body language, symbols, and expressions.

Physical Non-verbal Communication

This is the sum total of the physically observable. For instance, hand gestures, body language, facial expressions, the tone of one’s voice, posture, stance, touch, gaze, and others. Several researchers have revealed that physical nonverbal communication constitutes about 55% of our daily communications.

Animals are the multicellular eukaryotic organisms which belong to the kingdom Animalia.

Criteria for classification 
Animals are classified on the basis of different features.
    •  Cellular or tissue level of body organization
    •  Body symmetry
    •  Type of body cavity called as coelom
    •  Presence or absence of segmentation
    •  Presence or absence of a backbone.

Classification of animal kingdom
Classification of the kingdom Animalia includes Invertebrata and Vertebrata.

Invertebrata:  It includes group of animals that do not possess a vertebral column. Invertebrata is classified into different phyla such as Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata.
a)  Porifera are multicellular organisms exhibiting minimal level of tissue organization. They lack nervous system. Porifera get their name from two words, “pori,” meaning “holes,” and “fera,” meaning “bearing”.   Porifera includes Sycon, Spongilla and Euplectella.  e.g.  Sponges.

• Porifera are primitive, multicellular, asyymetrical, marineorganisms exhibiting minimal level of tissue organisation.
• Body is supported by skeleton made up of spicules or sponging fibres.
• Water vascular system is responsible for nutrition, respiration and excretion. 
• They lack nervous system. 
• Poriferans are hermaphrodites and reproduce both by asexual and sexual means of reproduction.
•  Fertilisation is internal. They exhibit indirect development. 
• Porifera gets its name from two words, “pori,” meaning “holes,” and “fera,” meaning “bearing”.
• Porifera includes Sycon, Spongilla and Euplectella.e.g.   Sponges.

b) Coelenterates are radially symmetrical organisms which live in marine habitat except for hydra.  Some are solitude and some are colonial.  Coelenterates get their name from two Greek words - “koilos,” meaning “hollow,” and “enteron,” meaning “intestine”.  e.g. Corals,  Hydra. 

• Coelenterates are aquatic, marine, sessile or free-swimming, diploblastic organisms.
• Coelenterates are radially symmetrical organisms exhibiting tissue level of organization.
• Some are solitude and some are colonial. 
• Some coelenterates possess skeleton made up of calcium carbonate. Coelenterates possess tentacles with cnidoblasts. Hence, the other name of the phylum is cnidaria.
• Coelenterates possess central gastrovascular cavity. They exhibit extracellular and intracellular digestion.
• Two basic body forms of coelenterates are polyp and medusa.
• Coelenterates get their name from two Greek words - “koilos,” meaning “hollow,” and “enteron,” meaning “intestine”.
• Coelenterates include Corals, Hydra etc.

c) Platyhelminthes are either free living or parasitic.  They are triploblastic animals. Platyhelminthes get their name from two Greek words - “platy,” meaning “flat,” and “helminthes,” meaning “worms”.  e.g. Planaria. 

• Blind sac plan includes animals having just a single pore opening to the exterior in their digestive system. Food is taken in and the undigested food leave the body through a common pore.
• Division of labour is exhibited by the cells. 
• Planaria is a flat worm. Planaria exhibits asexual mode of reproduction by regeneration process. It can regenerate in whatever plane it is cut. But the only condition is that the cut piece of the organism should have atleast 20 % of  neoblasts, the adult stem cells. If the longitudinal cut is given from the head to tip and just it is held ( not cut at the tail region), planaria develops two heads and can survive. Regeneration is also called as morphallaxis 

d) Nematoda are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic parasitic worms.  Nematoda get their name from two Greek words - “nema,” which means “thread,” and “ode,” which means “like”.  Nematodes can be free living or parasitic.  

• Nematoda are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic parasitic worms with a cylindrical body.
• Nematodes are unsegmented round worms which are considered to be pseudocoelomate organisms.
• Nematodes possess complete alimentary canal.
• Sexes are separate in nematodes and they exhibit sexual dimorphism. Eggs are protected by thick walls to overcome unfavourable conditions.
• e.g. Ascaris, Ancyclostoma, Dracunculus etc.

e) Annelida are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, schizocoelomates with segmented body.  Annelida get their name from the Latin word “anellus,” which means "little ring".  Annelids are characterised by the presence of a circulatory system.  e.g. Earthworm. 

• Annelidans are segmented, aquatic or terrestrial, free living or parasitic in nature. 
• Annelidans are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, schizocoelomates with segmented body. 
• They exhibit organ-system level of organization. 
• Locomotion is by longitudinal muscles, circular muscles and setae. 
• Closed type of circulatory system is seen. 
• Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion. 
• Nervous system comprises of nerve ganglia connected to nervecords.
• Annelids are both dioecious and monecious exhibiting sexual reproduction.
• Annelids are characterised by the presence of a circulatory system. 

f) Arthropoda are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic animals with true coelom. Arthropoda means “joint legs”.  This phylum gets its name from the Greek words arthron, meaning “joint”, and podos, meaning “foot”.   

• Arthropoda are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic animals with true coelom. 
• These are segemented organisms with organ system level of organisation.
• Presence of jointed appendages and chitinousexoskeleton.
• Arthropods respire through different structureslike gills, book gills, book lungs and trachea.
• They possess open circulatory sytem. Malpighian tubules help in excretion. 
• Sensory structures are present. 
• Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. Mostly oviparous with direct or indirect development.  

g)  Molluscs are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic gastropods with reduced coelom. Mollusca is derived from a Latin word, which means “thin-shelled and soft”.

• Locomotion in molluscs is by means of a muscular foot.  
• Water molluscs breathe through their gills, while land molluscs have lungs
• Circulatory system in molluscs is open. 
• Snail is a small molluscan  Snail is protected by its external skeleton called as shell. Snails are found in wet places. Entire body except the foot lies inside the shell. When disturbed, snail even retracts the foot in to the shell. Snail moves with the help of single muscular foot. The under surface of the muscular foot is lubricated with mucus. The muscular foot glides over the surface. The rhythmic contractions and relaxations of this muscular foot brings about pulling action in the body. The secreted mucus also reduces the risk of injury from sharp objects. 

h) Echinodermata are triploblastic animals with true coelomic cavity.  Echinodermata are spiny skinned organisms which get their name from the Greek words “echinos,” meaning protective “spines,” and “derma,” meaning “skin”. Skeletons of echinoderms are hard calcium carbonates. They exhibit radial symmetry.

• Echinodermata are triploblastic animals with true coelomic cavity. Echinodermata are spiny skinned organisms which get their name from the Greek words “echinos,” meaning protective “spines,” and “derma,” meaning “skin”. Skeletons of echinoderms are hard calcium carbonates. 
• The organisms belonging to the Phylum Echinodermata are called as echinoderms and exhibit many peculiar characters.
• Echinoderms exhibit pentameral radial symmetry in the body organisation.
• Echinoderms have special type of water vascular system with tube feet.
• Echinoderms are eucoelomates.
• Echinoderms are deuterostomes.
• Larvae of  echinoderms are motile, bilaterally symmetrical in form. 
• Starfish, brittle star belong to this phylum.

Protochordata:  These are the organisms belonging to the phylum Chordata, and are primitive chordates.  Protochordates possess a notochord during their early stage of development.  The notochord is a long rod-like support that runs all along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut. e.g.Balanoglossus, Herdmania.

Vertebrata: These are the most advanced group of animals with true vertebral column and strong endoskeleton.  Vertebrates are grouped into different classes based on bilateral symmetry, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, paired gill pouches, triploblastic, and coelomate. These classes are Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.
a) Pisces includes all fish. These are aquatic cold blooded organisms with a spindle-shaped body covered by scales.

• Fish are the aquatic vertebrates which respire through structures called as gills. This is called as branchial respiration.
• Gills are present on either side of the head and are supplied by rich blood vessels. Fish obtain oxygen dissolved in water. During respiration, water enters the body through mouth, passes through gills and comes out of the operculum.
• Exchange of gases takes place in the gills of fish supplied by numerous blood vessels. They accept oxygen into the body and expel out carbon dioxide.
• Fish is a lower vertebrate with a two chambered heart exhibiting single mode of circulation. Impure blood is pumped to gills for oxygenation. This oxygenated blood from gills is supplied directly to the body tissues without sending to the heart. Blood passes through the heart only once hence called as single circulation.
• Skeleton may be cartilaginous or bony in nature.
• Fish exhibits locomotion by the process of swimming. Muscles and bones bring about locomotion in fish. Fish swim with the help of their fins of which tail fin acts as a rudder. The tail flaps from side to side to make them swim in the right direction.  The undulating movements of the tail also helps the  fish move by bending their bodies from one side to another in quick succession. This produces a thrust that helps it move forward.
• Fish reproduce by laying eggs.

b) Amphibians are cold-blooded animals. Amphibians can live both on land and in water. They are the first vertebrates to have four limbs, each with five digits and are called tetrapods. 

• Amphibians are the only organisms which exhibit cutaneous, branchial and pulmonary respiration in during different stages of their life cycle. Adult frogs can breathe through their skin. Skin is moist and slimy helping the animal to respire through skin under water as well as on land. This is termed to be cutaneous respiration. Adult frogs while on land respire through lungs. Lungs are the respiratory organs which help in exchange of gases. This is termed to be pulmonary respiration.
• Amphibians have a three chambered heart which includes two atria and one ventricle. Here both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood gets mixed up with each other. Double circulation is seen in the organisms possessing this type of heart. Lungs are involved in purifying the blood.
• Amphibians exhibit camouflage.The phenomenon of colour changing in frogs was brought about by different factors.
• Amphibians mostly jump and walk with their limbs when on land and can also swim in water. 
• Tails are almost absent in adult amphibians. 
• Amphibians reproduce by laying eggs and exhibit external fertilisation. 
• Tadpoles, the larval stages of frog live in water. They respire through their gills as they do not possess well developed lungs. This is termed to be branchial respiration .Tadpoles can thrive only in water. Tadpoles possess long tails.

c) Reptilia are cold-blooded animals. They have four limbs with five fingers or toes each, and hence, are called pentadactyle tetrapods. 

• Respiration is through lungs. Lungs are involved in purifying the blood. 
• Hearts are three-chambered except for crocodiles. It is a three chambered heart which includes two atria and one ventricle. Here both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood gets mixed up with each other. Double circulation is seen in the organisms possessing this type of heart.
• They have cloaca, a single opening to pass out, urine, faeces, sperms or eggs.
• Reptiles also reproduce by laying eggs.  
• Some reptiles also have the capability of reproducing by parthenogenesis.   

d) Aves are warm-blooded animals. Birds bear three clawless digits.

• Their hind limbs are strong and are developed for walking. Fore limbs are modified into wings which help them in flight.
• Bones are hollow. Body is covered by feathers.
• Respiration is through lungs.
• They have four-chambered heart.
• Birds can generate lot of heat through their metabolic reactions. Only little amount of food what they eat is converted into body mass. Rest of it is utilised inorder to generate heat to maintain body temperature constant.
• Birds are oviparous and lay eggs which hatch into chicks. 

e)  Mammals are warm-blooded animals. Their skin is covered by hair, sweat glands and oil glands that regulate body temperature, thereby allowing them to live in diverse habitats.

• Coelom in mammals is divided into peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities. 
• Breathing is through lungs.
• Four-chambered heart is present. Mammalian heart is made up of four chambers which include two atria and two ventricles. The organisms with this type of heart exhibit double circulation. The deoxygenated blood is completely separated from the oxygenated blood completely. The atria and ventricles are separated by many types of valves which prevent the mixing up of pure blood from that of impure blood.
• Mammals give birth to young ones through different modes. Mammals like platypus lay eggs. Mammals have milk-producing glands called as mammary glands to nourish their young ones.

The period from birth to the natural death of an organism is known as life span. The life span of
(a) Parrot — 140 years
(b) Crow -15 years.

महानवमी डिब्बा, एक चौक संरचना है तथा हम्पी का एक अन्य लोकप्रिय आकर्षण है, जिसे राजा कृष्णदेवराय ने उदयगिरि पर हुई अपनी जीत (वर्तमान में उड़ीसा में है) के बाद बनवाया था। यह प्राचीन स्थल हम्पी के शाही महलों में से सबसे ऊंची संरचना है और अपनी ऊंचाई के कारण इसे आसपास के स्थानों से बड़ी आसानी से देखा जा सकता है। 

गोपुरम या गोपुर (जिसे विमानम भी कहते हैं) एक स्मारकीय अट्टालिका होती है, प्रायः शिल्प से सज्जित, एवं अधिकतर दक्षिण भारत के मन्दिरों के द्वार पर स्थित होता है। यह हिन्दु मन्दिरों के स्थापत्य का प्रमुख अंग है| यह ऊपर किरीट कलश से शोभायमान होता है। यह मन्दिरों की चारदीवारी में बने द्वार का काम देते हैं।

गोपुरमों का इतिहार आरम्भिक पल्लव वंश के निर्माणों एवं बारहवीं शताब्दी के पांड्य शासकओं द्वारा बनवाए गए प्रधान अंगों में जाता है। इनसे मन्दिर के अंदरूनी भाग ढंक जाते हैं, क्योंकि ये प्रायः मुख्य मन्दिर से काफ़ी बडे़ होते हैं |

अकबर का साम्राज्य 15 सूबो या राज्यो में विभाजित था. सूबे का गर्वनर अर्थात सूबेदार राज्य का प्रशासनिक मुखिया होता था. वह सूबे की पुलिस,सेना,न्यायपालिका व कार्यपालिका का भी मुखिया होता था। सूबे की सभी वित्तीय लेन-देन कार्य दीवान सभांलता था. राज्य में सेना के प्रबंधन की ज़िम्मेदारी बख्शी नामक अधिकारी की होती थी. सदर न्यायिक परोपकारिता विभाग का मुखिया होता था जबकि राज्य के स्तर पर न्याय विभाग का मुख्य अधिकारी काज़ी होता था.  कोतवाल की जिम्मेदारी राज्य मे उसके नियंत्रण व निरीक्षण के अंर्तगत आने वाले थाना क्षैत्र मे शांति व्यावस्था बनाये रखने की होती थी. मीर बहर नामक अधिकारी आयात शुल्क और कर विभाग का प्रमुख होता था. राज्य की खुफिया सेवा का प्रमुख वाकिया नवीस कहलाता था.

शाही सूबे सरकार नामक ईकाइयो मे बंटे हुए थे तथा सरकारो को परगना नामक उप खंडो मे बांटा गया था। फौजदार एक सरकार का मुखिया होता था और अपने नियंत्रण वाले क्षैत्र मे शांति व्यावस्था बनाये रखने की ज़िम्मेदारी फौजदार की होती थी. परगना या उप-जिला का प्रमुख शिकदर नामक अधिकारी होता था। एक परगना मे कई गांव होते थे. एक गांव के प्रशासन के लिए मुकद्दम ,पटवारी और चौकीदार आदि अधिकारी होते थे जो ग्राम पंचायत की सहायता से अपनी प्रशासनिक जिम्मेदारी अंजाम देते थे.

राजस्व व्यावस्था मे कई नये प्रयोग भी इस दौर मे किये गये. जिसमे बटाई या गल्लाबख्शी व्यावस्था प्रमुख है। बटाई या गल्लाबख्शी तीन वर्गो मे विभाजित थीं – भौली बटाई ,खेत बटाई और लंग बटाई. भौली बटाई के अंर्तगत फसल को काट कर इकठ्ठा कर लिया जाता था फिर उसे सभी हिस्सेदारों की उपस्थिति मे बांट दिया जाता था. खेत बटाई व्यावस्था के अंर्तगत रोपाई के बाद ज़मीन को कई हिस्सो मे बांट दिया जाता था. और लंग बटाई मे फसल को बहुत से ढेरो मे बांट दिया जाता था. बटाई व्यावस्था के अंर्तगत किसान नकद या वस्तुओ मे भुगतान कर सकते थे लेकिन नकदी फसलो के मामले मे केवल नकद रकम ही वसूल की जाती थी.

हां आंदोलन और विरोध की कार्रवाई से देश का लोकतंत्र बड़े स्तर पर मजबूत होता है। इन आंदोलन के द्वारा लोकतंत्र में व्यापक जन भागीदारी का विचार जनमानस के अन्दर आया और प्रत्येक व्यक्ति ने अपने अपने स्तर पर इन आंदोलनों में भाग लिया। शराब विरोधी आन्दोलन, चिपको आंदोलन आदि को प्रत्येक समस्या के निवारण के लिए लोकतंत्र का महत्वपूर्ण अंग माना जाना लगा।

Two vertices of an equilateral triangle are (0, 0) and (3, √3).

Let the third vertex of the equilaterla triangle be (x, y)

Distance between (0, 0) and (x, y) = Distance between (0, 0) and (3, √3) = Distance between (x, y) and (3, √3)

√(x² + y²) = √(3² + 3) = √[(x - 3)² + (y - √3)²]
x² + y² = 12
x² + 9 - 6x + y² + 3 - 2√3y = 12
24 -  6x - 2√3y = 12
- 6x - 2√3y = - 12
3x + √3y = 6
x = (6 - √3y) / 3
⇒ [(6 - √3y)/3]2 + y2 = 12
⇒ (36 + 3y2 - 12√3y) / 9 + y2 = 12
⇒ 36 + 3y2 - 12√3y + 9y2 = 108
⇒ - 12√3y + 12y2 - 72 = 0
⇒ -√3y + y2 - 6 = 0
⇒ (y - 2√3)(y + √3) = 0
⇒ y = 2√3 or - √3
If y = 2√3, x = (6 - 6) / 3 = 0
If y = -√3, x = (6 + 3) / 3 = 3
So, the third vertex of the equilateral triangle = (0, 2√3) or (3, -√3).

The lawyer had got a job as junior assistant clerk in a very good law firm. But he hated his job because he was not given the job for preparing law cases instead he was sent to the sinister areas of the city to look people and serve them summons. These people are so harsh and rude that they even beat up the lawyer.

(i) When Indian leaders were arrested, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.
(ii) A month later, when Gandhiji himself was arrested, industrial workers attacked police posts, government buildings, law courts and railway stations and all structures that symbolised the British rule.
(iii) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested.
(iv) To break the deadline between Congress and the government Lord Irwin invited Gandhiji for a peace pact i.e Gandhi-Irwin pact.
(v) Under such a situation Gandhiji decided to call off the movement.

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual systems, that enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.

Density of solution =     

Density of ethanol (solute)= 

Molar mass of ethanol (solute) = 46.07 g/mole

20 % aqueous ethanol solution by volume means that the 20 ml of ethanol is present in the 100 ml of solution.

So, the volume of solution = 100 ml

Volume of ethanol (solute) = 20 ml

First we have to calculate the mass of solution.

Now we have to calculate the mass of solute, ethanol.

Now we have to calculate the mass of solvent.

Now we have to calculate the molarity of solution.

Now we have to calculate the molality of solution.

Therefore, the molarity and molality of solution is, 3.425 mole/L and 4.269 mole/Kg respectively.

The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968) refers to the social movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against Black Americans and restoring voting rights to them.
The emergence of the Black Power Movement, (BPM) which lasted roughly from 1966 to 1975, enlarged the aims of the Civil Rights Movement (CRM) to include racial dignity, economic and political self-sufficiency and freedom from oppression by White Americans.
The movement was characterised by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of non-violent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities.
Federal, state and local governments, businesses and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African-Americans. Martin Luther King Junior was the most prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He thought that Black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans should be compensated for historical wrortgs.