i. The physical arrangement of the court focused on the sovereign, mirrored his status as the heart of society. 

ii. The throne gave physical form to the function of the sovereign as axis mundi. 

iii. The canopy was believed, to separate the radiance of the sun from that of the sovereign. 

iv. In court, status was determined by spatial proximity to the king. 

v. The place accorded, to a courtier by the ruler was a sign of his importance in the eyes of the emperor. 

vi. Once the emperor sat on the throne no one was permitted to move vii. After spending an hour at the jharoka, the emperor walked to the public hall of audience (diwan-i am) toconduct the primary business of his government. 

viii. State officials presented reports and made requests. 

ix. diwan-i khas to hold private audiences and discuss confidential matters. High ministers of state placed their petitions before him 

x. Occasionally, the emperor viewed the works of highly reputed artists or building plans of architects 

xi. Id, Shab-i barat and Holi  the court was full of life. Perfumed candles set in rich holders and palace walls.

The tiny projections on the inner surface of the small intestine which help in absorbing the digested food are called villi. These helps to increase the surface area of intestinal walls.

Location

These are located in the inner walls of the small intestine.

Functions

• Their function is to increase the surface area of the small intestinal wall for absorption of the digested food.
• These projections absorb the protein molecules and help in the transfer of the proteins to all cells and tissues.
• Many blood vessels are present within these villi, that help in the absorption of digested food and carry it to the bloodstream. Later, from the bloodstream, the absorbed food is delivered to each and every cell of the body.

The various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India are discussed below:

(i)In Kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants were worried about the high land revenue demand of the British. 

(ii)In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed. In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants started several ‘forest satyagrahas’, sometimes sending their cattle into forests without paying grazing tax. They were very much fed up with the restrictions imposed on them by the British regarding the use of forest resources. They wanted the abolition of the forest regulations.

(iii)In Sind, now in Pakistan, Muslim traders and peasants were very enthusiastic about the Khilafat call. In Bengal too, the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity and strength to the national movement.

(iv)In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to drive out corrupt mahants, supported by the British, from the gurudwaras. This movement got closely identified with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(v)In Assam, tea garden labourers, shouted “Gandhi Maharaj ki Jai”, demanded a big increase in their wages. They left the British-owned plantations amidst declarations that they were following Gandhiji’s wish. Interestingly, in the Assamese Vaishnava songs of the period the reference to Krishna was substituted by “Gandhi Raja”.

People understood Gandhiji as a kind of messiah, as someone who could help them overcome their misery and poverty. Gandhiji wished to build class unity, not class conflict, yet peasants could imagine that he would help them in their fight against zamindars, and agricultural labourers believed he would provide them land.

The kings of the Vedic times performed the following two Yajnas or sacrifices:

(i) RajsuyaYajna

(ii) Ashwamedha Yajna.

Detailed ecplanation

Rajasuya Vedic sacrifies was a royal conservation ceremony. It was a yajna or sacrifice performed by the ancient kings of India who considered themselves powerful enough to be an emperor. Rajasuya, like the ashwamedha would occur after the return of generals of the king from a successful military campaign.After conquering the kings of other kingdoms and collecting tribute from them, the general would invite the vanquished kings to attend the sacrifice ceremony. All the vanquished kings would in effect consider the performer of these sacrifices as an emperor.In case of rajasuya there is no horse involved. The generals plan their route themselves.

A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells.

Cell Structure

The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life’s processes. These components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Read on to explore more insights on cell structure and function.

Cell Membrane

• The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
• The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles, such as the cytoplasm and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane.
• By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permit the movement of selective substances in and out of the cell.  Besides this, the cell membrane also protects the cellular component from damage and leakage.
• It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and its surroundings.
• Plants are immobile, so their cell structures are well-adapted to protect them from external factors. The cell wall helps to reinforce this function.

Cell Wall

• The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
• The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells.
• It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane.
• It provides shape and support to the cells and protects them from mechanical shocks and injuries.

Cytoplasm

• The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.
• Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.
• The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, are suspended in this cytoplasm.

Nucleus

• The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA.
• It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die.
• The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell.
• The nucleus protects the DNA  and is an integral component of a plant’s cell structure.

The origins of stress may vary with the individual, but in general, stress arises from frustration, life changes, conflict, lack of control, and uncertainty. Hence,
There are five types of stress origin.

frustration
life changes
conflict
lack of control
uncertainty

India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries but its relations with Russia are an important aspect of India's foreign policy. The relations during the Cold War were as given below:

(i) Economic: Russia gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro,Visakhapatnam and machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. The Soviet Union accepted Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange.

(ii) Political: The Soviet Union supported India's stand on Kashmir issue in the UN. It supported India during the war with Pakistan in 1971.

(iii) Military: India received most of its military hardware from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union entered into various agreements allowing India to jointly produce military equipment.

(iv) Culture: Hindi films and Indian culture became popular in the Soviet Union. A large number of Indian writers and artists visited the USSR.

Let the first number be x and the second number is 27 - x.
Therefore, their product = x (27 - x)
It is given that the product of these numbers is 182.
Therefore, x(27 - x) = 182
⇒ x² – 27x + 182 = 0
⇒ x² – 13x - 14x + 182 = 0
⇒ x(x - 13) -14(x - 13) = 0
⇒ (x - 13)(x -14) = 0
Either x = -13 = 0 or x - 14 = 0
⇒ x = 13 or x = 14
If first number = 13, then
Other number = 27 - 13 = 14
If first number = 14, then
Other number = 27 - 14 = 13
Therefore, the numbers are 13 and 14.

Here P = Rs 8000,   T = 1 year,    R = 9% p.a.

Interest is compounded half yearly,

∴       T = 1 year = 2 half years

         R = 9% p.a.=  half yearly

∵         Amount = 

                     = Rs 8000 

                     = Rs. 
                    
                     = Rs 
                
             CI = Rs 8736.20 - Rs 8000
 
                     = Rs 736.20

No, the narrator was not able to serve summons to Lutkins that day as he could not find him.

When the lawyer reached New Mullion Bill did not know the former was finding Lutkins. However, when the lawyer asked from him where he could find Lutkins, Bill made a plan to fool him. Later on when the lawyer confided to him he had come to serve summons on Lutkins, Bill decided to keep fooling him as long as he could.  

An amylase or ptyalin
An amylase or ptyalin present in saliva, that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into maltose and dextrin. An enzyme found in the saliva of humans and herbivorous animals that helps in the pre digestion of starches. Ptyalin is a type of amylase. Pepsin, rennin and lipase are absent in saliva. 

Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin” or “A Gift to Monotheism”

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was one of the prominent cultural reformers of India during the British period. He was also known as the founder of the Indian Renaissance.

Apart from assuring the far-reaching cultural transformation in the community, Raja Ram Mohan Roy was also a notable professor who had volubility in several languages. He had composed his first book in the Persian language with the name of Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin which was printed in 1815.

Hints:

Invitation

Informal invite to cousin, Pooja (letter type)
• Share the feeling of happiness at the purchase
• Mention the occasion and provide details (time, place; any other specific instructions)
• Share expectations ( bring parents/ pick up xyz/ come early to help/ bring certain items etc.).

Decrease

Oils, grease, graphite, etc., are examples of lubricants. These form a thin layer between the two surfaces in contact thus avoiding them from scrubbing directly against each other. This makes the movement smooth and reduces friction.

Which are the major cities located on the river Ganga?
A n s w e r
The major cities located on the river Ganga are Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna and Kolkata.

The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution,liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth century liberals also stressed the
inviolability of private property.

b. 

Carbon forms a large number of compounds because of the following reasons:

(a) Tetravalency: Carbon atoms readily form covalent bonds with the other atoms.

(b) Catenation: Two carbon atoms readily form covalent bonds and this bond is more stable than the bonds formed by the other elements.

(c) Carbon atoms have varying bond order and hybridisation that is it can form double or triple bonds. 

(d) The electronegativity of the carbon atom is average.

a. Saturated hydrocarbons produce clean flame while unsaturated carbon compounds produce yellow flame with black smoke. The burning of carbon compounds results in a sooty deposit on the surface or a sooty flame if there is an incomplete combustion of saturated hydrocarbons due to limited supply of air.