Political Consequences:

 (i) Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity.

 (ii) The old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state.

 (iii) In place of the Welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.

 (iv) The entry and the increased role of MNC all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own.

Commons are those resources which are not owned by anyone but rather shared by a community. Similarly, there are some areas or regions of the world which are located outside the sovereign jurisdiction of any one state, and therefore require common governance by the international community. These are known as Global commons. They include earth’s atmosphere Antarctica, the Ocean floor and outer space.

 Two steps for the protections of ‘Global commons’ are-

 (i) By achieving consensus on common environmental agendas on the basis of vague scientific evidence and time frames.

 (ii) By preventing exploitative activities in outer space.

In subscription Account You should know nature of it. Outstanding subscription is our current assets hence opening balance of O/S subscription is shown on the debit side and Closing O/S subscription will be shown on credit side ( Reverse side ) and Advance Subscription is Our Liability hence Opening Advance is shown on the Credit Side and Closing Advance is shown on Debit side of subscription A/c 

A very simple method of getting the amount to be carried as income on account of subscription in the Income and Expenditure Account, is to prepare Subscription Account.  Let me explain preparation of Suscription Account with the help of following example:

In a club each member is supposed to pay Rs.50 as yearly subscription and in 2013 it received Rs.2450.

At 1 January 2013, 5 members still owed their subscription for 2012 while 7 members have already paid their 2013 subscriptions.

At 31 December 2013, no subscriptions were due for 2012. However, 3 members still had to pay their 2013 subscriptions while 4 members have already paid their 2014 subscriptions.

What is the amount of income from Subscriptions during 2013.

It will be noticed from above that Subscription Account is a combination of two accounts, namely, (i) Subscription in Arrears A/c (Debit Balance) and (ii) Subscription in Advance A/c (Credit Balance).

just place the information given in the question at th

Calculation of Subscription

a. What is man ‘single-minded’ about?
Answer:
Man is single-minded about his own progress and advancement. He is so focussed on his own development that he forgets to visualise the pros and cons of reckless development. The consequences and impact of materialistic progress should be taken into consideration.

b. Explain, ‘sadness of never understanding ourselves’.
Answer:
Mankind, in its race for materialistic success has sacrificed his emotional needs at some point of time. People are so engrossed in fulfilling their ambitions and successfully completing their duties that they tend to forego their inner mental satisfaction. Thus, they tend to become sad and isolated.

c. How has mankind threatened itself with death?
Answer:
The race for more arms and ammunitions and the desire to overpower and dominate over more and more areas and countries is what has threatened mankind with death. The mass destruction of nature is also one main reason for large-scale death of humanity.

d. What does ‘keeping our life moving’ mean?
Answer:
It means making progress without a second thought.

a. What does Neruda imply by ‘total inactivity’?
Answer:
‘Total inactivity’ would imply that mankind should channelise his activities towards construction and he should put an end to his destructive activities. It certainly does not mean no action because life is an on-going process.

b. What is life about?
Answer:
Life cannot be brought to a standstill under any circumstances. It is an on-going process and it has to move on.

c. What does Neruda mean when he says, ‘I want no truck with death’?
Answer:
Neruda says that when he talks of counting upto twelve, meditating and introspecting, he is not advocating death-like silence. To bring all activities to a halt is only to facilitate introspection, and not to bring life to a standstill. Life is an on-going process and humanity should move on.

d. What is the underlying thought of the poet here?
Answer:
We should not act physically but we must introspect.

a. Who are ‘those’ here?
Answer:
Here, ‘those’ are the politicians, scientists, statesmen and those overambitious powers to be, who in their zeal for dominance are involved in initiating and aggravating wars.

b. What are ‘green wars, wars with gas, wars with fire’?
Answer:
These are the nuclear and chemical weapons which have been created by man and used in waging wars against countries. In fact, these wars have brought mankind to its fatal end. These wars are also against the environment.

c. What does Neruda mean by ‘victory with no survivors’?
Answer:
The victory that may be gained with the help of nuclear and chemical warfare would actually leave no one alive in that area. There is no point of winning such a war which cannot be savoured as there would be no survivors.

d. Which poetic device is used in the third line of the extract?
Answer:
It is Paradox as opposite ideas are explained by this phrase.

a. What are ‘fishermen’ symbolic of?
Answer:
‘Fishermen’ symbolise proficient hunters of all kinds. These people have been indiscriminately exploiting nature and Mother Earth for their own vested interests.

b. What message does the poet seem to give in these lines?
Answer:
The message that Neruda wishes to convey is that the desire of man for more and more progress and advancement has done more destruction than development. Man seems to have no concern and care for his brethren.

c. What image does Neruda portray in the last lines?
Answer:
The image that Neruda seems to create in the last lines is one of the incessant sufferings. In order to make life more comfortable, he pays no heed to the sufferings he has to undergo. The men, who gather salt do not look at their hurt palms because they are more busy making life more comfortable for themselves and for their family.

d. What basic idea does the poet empahsise upon?
Answer:
It is the environmental protection through man’s introspection and action.

Transposons also called as jumping genes are the gene sequences present in the genome of eukaryotic cells that can jump to different locations within a genome.These cause RNA interferance (RNAi) by silencing specific sequence of DNA and is method of cellular defence by all eukaryotic cells.
   Transposons that replicate via RNA are called retrotransposons.They are the type of transpososons that copy themselves to RNA and then back to DNA so that it may integrate back to the genome.The RNA formed from these retrotransposons combine with the mRNA due to complimentarity and forms dsRNA molecule and prevents the translation of the mRNA called gene silencing

Comparative income statement It is a statement which shows in percentage term the total of income earned and expenses incurred during two or more accounting periods