Economic reforms did not benefit the agriculture and the, agricultural growth rate has been decelerating. Public investment in agriculture sector has been reduced in the reform period due to which irrigation, power, roads, market linkages and agricultural research have suffered. Further, the removal of fertilizer subsidy has led lo increase in the cost of production, which has severely affected the small and marginal farmers. Globalisation and membership of WTO has resulted in policy changes such as reduction in Import duties on agricultural products, removal of minimum support price and lifting of quantitative restrictions on agricultural products which have increased international competition for Indian farmers making their condition more miserable. There has been a shift from production for the domestic market towards production for the export market because of export oriented policy strategies in agriculture. This has shifted the focus on cash crops in place of production of food grains which has led to a fall in supply of food grains thereby creating pressure on prices of food grains.

Yes, we agree with the above statement that the traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under the British rule. The following are the reasons in favour of the statement. (i) Discriminatory Tariff Policy The British rule used India both as a source of cheap raw materials as well as easy accessible market for their finished products. Thereby, they imposed heavy tariffs (export duties) on India's export of handicraft products, while allowed free export of India's raw material to Britain and free import of British finished products into India. This made India's exports costlier and its international demand loll drastically leading to the collapse of handicraft industries. (ii) Competition from Machine-made Britain Goods The demand for the handicrafts products experienced a downward trend in the domestic markets as well. This was due to stiff competition from the machine made textiles from Britain. The goods produced mechanically in Britain using cheap raw material from India were comparatively lower in price and of superior quality than the Indian handicraft goods. This narrowed the market for Indian handicrafts industries. (iii) Emergence of Western Lifestyle The British rule in India popularized Western lifestyle in India. There was an emergence of a new section of population (consisting mainly of zamindars) in India who liked the British goods and also promoted their use to please the British Government. This section used to spend lavishly on the British products that provided impetus for the development of British Industries al the cost of the domestic Industries. Hence, gradually Indian handicrafts industries perished away. (iv) Downfall of Princely State Prior to the British rule, nawabs, rajas, princes and emperors ruled different parts of the country. They used to patronise handicrafts industries and consequently, Indian handicrafts gained reputation n; the international markets. But during the British rule, these princely stales were ruined thereby ruining the protection of those handicrafts industries. Thus, Indian handicrafts industries could not survive.

• Deciding in advance what to do& how to do it. It is one of the basic managerial functions.

• It involves 2 aspects:
Setting of aims and objectives of the organization + Selecting and developing an appropriate course of action to achieve these objectives.

• Koontz and O‘Donnell – ―Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do, and who to do it. Planning bridges the gap from where we are to where we want to go. It makes it possible for things to occur which would not otherwise happen.

• Involves setting of objectives & developing an appropriate course of action to achieve these objectives

Human Development 

(i) It is a broader aspect of development as it includes monetary as well as the non- monetary aspects.

(ii) It is the process of both quantitative and qualitative growth.

(iii) Human deveIopments is the end or the final goal of all development.

Economic development

(i) It is a narrow concept as it includes only the monetary aspects.

(ii) It includes only the quantitative growth .

(iii) It is a means to achieve human development. 

The steps in the production of human insulin by genetic engineering method includes:

1. Human insulin is extracted from pancreas cells and an insulin-producing gene is isolated.

2. A plasmid DNA is extracted from a bacterium and cut with restriction enzyme, forming plasmid vector.

3. Insert human insulin-producing gene into the bacterial plasmid vector to form the recombinant DNA of human insulin-producing gene.

4. Introduce this recombinant DNA into a bacterial cell to form the recombinant bacterium.

5. The recombinant bacteria multiply in a fermentation tank and produce human insulin.

6. Insulin is extracted, purified and bottled. It is then ready to be injected into diabetic patients.

Land distribution has been part of India's state policy from the very beginning. Independent India's most revolutionary land policy was perhaps the abolition of the Zamindari system (feudal landholding practices). Land-reform policy in India had two specific objectives: "The first is to remove such impediments to increase in agricultural production as arise from the agrarian structure inherited from the past. The second objective, which is closely related to the first, is to eliminate all elements of exploitation and social injustice within the agrarian system, to provide security for the tiller of the soil and assure equality of status and opportunity to all sections of the rural population.” (Government of India 1961 as quoted by Appu 1996.

Planning leads to rigidity:

Once plans are made to decide the future course of action the manager may not be in a position to change them. Following predefined plan when circumstances are changed may not bring positive results for organisation. This kind of rigidity in plan may create difficulty.

Micro nutrients

Micronutrients mainly comprise vitamins and minerals which are required in minute quantities. However, both macro nutrients as well as micro nutrients are essential. Micro nutrients are chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, sodium, copper, molybdenum and nickel.

Foot loose industries are these industries that are not dependent on any specific raw material. Raw material can be imported from any part of the world. They employ few but highly skilled people. Transport is required for the development of foot loose industries. Generally, these industries do not cause any pollution. Manufacture of computer chip industry is one example of 'foot loose industries'.

(i) Foot loose industries can be located in a wide variety of places. They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing or otherwise.

(ii) They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained anywhere. The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network.
 

(iii) They produce in small quantity and also employ a small labour force. These are generally not polluting industries.

The central idea of the poem is ‘aging’ which is the eternal law of nature. Everything has to change one day and therefore the poet has portrayed the constraints of an old age which she found in her mother On this earth whenever a human being is born he/she has to grow up and face different situations that are put in front by life. When a person is young then he/she is full of energy and then old and then one day has to die. During the course of life we meet many people, make friends, many people do leave us. There is a kind of pain we feel when others leave us. This whole poem is concentrated on that pain only.

.The poet also mentions the close relationship which a mother and a daughter share. Everyone has a deep feeling of love for their mother and we are always very worried and tensed. There is a pain deep inside us when we have to leave them. So does Kamala Das feel while going away from her mother who has grown old, and when the poet is going away from her she is deeply saddened. She bids goodbye to her mother with a false and hollow smile on her face and simultaneously she is also feeling guilty that when her mother needs her she is not there.

Garrison towns are basically towns where military troops permanently stationed.

Functions of garrison towns are:

• It helps in maintaining peace and stability.

• It includes important settlements like training centre, offices and residences of military.

The poet was driving from her parent’s home to the Cochin airport. The poet’s mother had comfe to see her off. She was sitting beside her. She was dozing with her mouth open. The words ‘driving’ and ‘doze’ provide a contrast between images of dynamic activity and static passivity respectively.