(i) Chronicles commissioned by the Mughal emperors are an important source for studying the empire and its court. They were written in order to project a vision of an enlightened kingdom to all those who came under its umbrella. The authors of
Mughal chronicles focused on events-related to life of the ruler, their family, the court and nobles, wars and administrative
system.
(ii)These chronicles were written in Persian. This language flourished as a language of the court and of literary writings, alongside north Indian languages, especially Hindavi and its regional variants. As the Mughals were Chaghtai Turks by origin, Turkish was their mother tongue.
(iii)Chronicles narrating the events of a Mughal emperor’s reign contained, alongside the written text, images that described an event in visual form.
(iv)When scenes or themes in a book were to be given visual expression, the scribe left blank spaces on nearby pages; paintings, executed separately by artists, were inserted to accompany what was; described in words.

The definition of macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the relationship of the major factors in an economy. An example of macroeconomics is the study of U.S. employment. Macroeconomics is a vast subject and a field of study in itself. However, some quintessential concepts of macroeconomics include the study of national income, gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, savings, and investments to name a few.

Micronutrients are nutrients that are required by the body in lesser amounts for its growth and development. They play a major role in the metabolic activities of the body. These include vitamins and minerals.

Per capita income is the measurement of money earned per person in a certain zone. In layman terms, we can say that “Per Capita income is the Income supposedly earned by a single person in a country.” It is calculated by dividing country's national income by its population. It should not be misunderstood by average income (because it includes non-employed and kids population), rather it serves as a pointer to a country's living standards. It can be applied to the average per-person income of a village, city, state or country. It can be used as a means of gauging the living circumstances and quality of life of citizens.

Emile Zola (1840 - 1902) is widely regarded as the ''father of naturalism.

The ancient Greek philosopher Plato (circa 427 BCE to circa 347 BCE) is considered to be the Father of Idealism in philosophy.

A law which states that, in learning, the more frequently a stimulus and response are associated with each other, the more likely the particular response will follow the stimulus. The law implies that one learns by doing and one cannot learn a skill, for instance, by watching others. 

Law of Exercise, Primary Laws of Learning:

This law is also called 'Law of Use and Disuse'. (i) Law of Use: When a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response, that connection's strength is other things being equal, increased'.

The impact of the Emergency on the party system in India was as described below :
(i) A large number of leaders and workers of the opposition parties were arrested. These arrested persons could not even challenge their arrests through habeas corpus petitions.
(ii) It is said that with the arrest of opposition leaders, India ceased to be democratic during emergency.
(iii) The Emergency led to the unity among the opposition parties. The opposition parties came together and formed the Janata Party on the eve of 1977 elections.
(iv) Some Congress leaders, who had opposed the emergency, too joined the Janata Party. A separate party-Congress for Democracy was formed by Jagjivan Ram. It later on merged with the Janata Party.
(v) In 1977 elections the Janata Party won but could not remain together. Congress once again won in 1980 elections. Between these two elections, the Congress Party changed dramatically.

The major trends in the electoral performance of BJP since 1989 can be traced as follows:
1. In the elections of 1989, the National front under V.P. Singh came to power supported by left front and BJP from outside because they wanted to keep the Congress out of power. Due to Mandal Commission Report and implementation of its recommendations forced BJP to reconsider its support and finally withdrew it. Thus, in November 1990, the rule of National Front came to an end.
2. In 1996 BJP minority government was formed for a short period. In June 1996 BJP failed to get majority support in the vote of confidence and thus collapsed.
3. From March 1998 to October 1999, BJP and others formed alliances NDA (National Democratic Alliance) under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The regional Parties demanded more share in the government to extend their support.
4. The political competition during nineties and divided between the coalition led by BJP and coalition led by Congress.

In March 1977, Janata Party government was formed at the centre. In may 1977 the Janata Party government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by the justice J.C Shah, retired chief justice of the supreme court of India, to inquire, “into several aspects of allegation of abuse authority, excess malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of emergency proclaimed on the 25june, 1975”.

The commission performed to examine various evidence to give testimony, even including Indira Gandhi to appear before the commission, but she refused to respond to any questions.

Finding of the Shah Commission:-

a. Found Many ‘excesses’ committed during emergency

b. Under preventive detention laws nearly one lakh people were arrested.

c. The press censorship took place without any prior legal sanctions.

d. The general manager of Delhi Power Supply cooperation received verbal orders from the office of the LT. Governor of the Delhi to cut the electricity of all the newspaper, press at 2 am, on 26 June 1975.

A fast food restaurant, also known as a quick service restaurant (QSR) within the industry, is a specific type of restaurant that serves fast food cuisine and has minimal table service. The food served in fast food restaurants is typically part of a "meat-sweet diet", offered from a limited menu, cooked in bulk in advance and kept hot, finished and packaged to order, and usually available for take away, though seating may be provided. Fast food restaurants are typically part of a restaurant chain or franchise operation that provides standardized ingredients and/or partially prepared foods and supplies to each restaurant through controlled supply channels. The term "fast food" was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951.

Arguably, the first fast food restaurants originated in the United States with White Castle in 1921. Today, American-founded fast food chains such as McDonald's (est. 1940) and KFC (est. 1952) are multinational corporations with outlets across the globe.

BIOT-SAVART LAW:

• We already know now that current carrying conductor generates magnetic field around themselves. Biot-Savart law just mathematically states the intensity of this magnetic field at a point.
• According to the Biot-Savart law, magnetic field dBdue to current element idl, at a pointP situated at distancer from the current element idl,is:

i) directly proportional to the current element idl, ii) directly proportional to the sine of the angle (θ) between current element and r, and iii) inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between current element and the point

dB∝idl (sinθ)/r²

dB = (μ_o/4π)×idl×(sinθ)/r²

dB = idl × r / r³

Arithmetic density, also known as real density, is very simply the total number of people divided by the total land area. Physiological density is the number of people per unit area of arable land. Arable describes land that is suitable for growing crops.  The main factors determining population distribution are : climate, landforms, topography, soil, energy and mineral resources, accessibility like distance from sea coast, natural harbours, navigable rivers or canals, cultural factors, political boundaries, controls on migration and trade, government policies, types of economic activities, technology including type of farming and transportation facilities, social
organization and but not the least, demographic factors like changes in natural increase and migration.