The nationalism that Gandhi stood for, which informed India’s anti-colonial struggle, differed fundamentally from the nationalism that came into vogue in Europe in the 17th century, following the Westphalian peace treaties. At least three differences stood out.

Electromagnetic Spectrum The systematic sequential distribution of electromagnetic waves in ascending or descending order of frequency or wavelength is known as electromagnetic spectrum. The range varies from 10^-12 m, to 10⁴ m, i.e. from γ-rays to radio waves.

The dialysis is a separation process that depends on the differential transport of solutes of different sizes across a porous barrier separating two liquids when the driving force is a concentration gradient only. It is usually used to separate solutes too large to diffuse through the barrier from those small enough to diffuse freely through it. The ultrafiltration, sometimes called reverse osmosis, is a more complicated process in that the solvent and solutes up to a certain critical size are forced through the barrier by considerably higher pressure on one side of the porous barrier than on the other. Thus, there is always a flow of solvent moving through the barrier in the same direction as the smaller solutes that are able to pass through the membrane. This sets it apart from dialysis where, owing to osmosis, there is usually a certain net movement of solvent in the direction opposite to the movement of solute.

Dialysis is a clinical application that helps patients to clean their blood artificially while the ultrafiltration is a process that occurs naturally during the urine formation in our kidneys. Furthermore, in dialysis, solutes move from high concentration to low concentration along the electrochemical gradient. But in ultrafiltration, the substances travel due to a pressure gradient. Hence, this is another difference between dialysis and ultrafiltration. Moreover, dialysis occurs in a dialyzer or the membrane lining of our abdomen while ultrafiltration takes place between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule of the nephron.

Furthermore, the rate of ultrafiltration depends on the porosity of the membrane and the speed of blood flow (or the pressure created by the blood flow) while the dialysis rate depends on the dialysate flow rate. Thus, this is also a difference between dialysis and ultrafiltration.

The story revolves around a 31 year old man named Charley, who experienced something weird. One day after work coming from the Subway, he reached the third level of the Grand Central station (which doesnt actually exist). He reminisces the entire experience with his psychiatrist friend Sam. Charley thought he experienced time travel and had reached somewhere in the eighteen-nineties, a time before the world saw two of its most deadliest wars. As soon as he realised what time he is in, he immediately decided to buy two tickets to Galesburg, Illinois; one for himself and the other for his wife. Unfortunately, the currency used in that century was different. Thus, the next day he withdrew all his savings and got them converted even if it meant bearing losses. He went looking for the third level but failed to find it. It worried his wife and the psychiatrist Sam who told him that he is hallucinating in order to take refuge from reality and miseries of the modern world which is full of worry. Charley thus resorts to his stamp collection in order to  distract himself when suddenly one day he finds a letter from his friend Sam who had gone missing recently. Sam wrote that he always wanted to believe in the idea of third level and now that he is there himself, he encourages Charley and Louisa to never stop looking for it.

The focus of the industrial policies pursued by the colonial government in India was lo make our country a mere supplier of Britain's own flourishing industrial base. The policies were concerned mainly with the advancement of the British economic and political power. The industrial policy pursued by the British colonial administration had the following shortfall (i) Neglect of Indian Handicraft Industries The British followed a discriminatory tariff policy under which they imposed heavy tariffs (export duties) on India's export of handicraft products while allowed free export of India's raw material to Britain and free import of finished products from Britain to India. This made Indian exports costlier and its international demand fell drastically loading to the collapse of handicrafts industries. Also, Indian handicrafts faced a stiff competition from machine-made textiles of Britain. (ii) Lack of Investment in Modern Indian Industries The modern industries in India demanded investments in capital goods and technology that were beyond the means of Indian investors. British Government was least interested in investing in Indian industries as they never wanted India to become self reliant. Thus due to the lack of sufficient investment, the growth of Indian industries, was severely constrained.

- Replication of DNA begins at ori, to form a replication fork. 

- DNA dependant DNA polymerase forms a new strand in 5' ---> 3' direction. 

- Role of DNA ligase is to join discontinuously synthesised fragments.

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Let r and h be the radius and height of the cone respectively inscribed in a sphere of radius R.

Let V be the volume of the cone.

∴ By second derivative test, the volume of the cone is the maximum when 

x = a(cost + log tant/2)

differentiate with respect to t,

dx/dt = d{a(cost + logtan t/2)}/dt

= a[d(cost)/dt + d(logtan t/2)/dt]

= a[ -sint + 1/tan t/2 × sec²t/2× 1/2]

= a [ -sint + 1/{2sin t/2.cos t/2} ]

we know, 2sinA.cosA = sin2A , use it here

= a [ -sint + 1/sint]

= a { 1 - sin²t}/sint

= acos²t/sint

= acott. cost .......(1)

again, y = asint

dy/dt = acost .......(2)

now, dy/dx = {dy/dt}/{dx/dt}

= {acost}{acott.cost}

= 1/cott

hence, dy/dx = tan t

Biot-Savart's law
1. This law is based on the principle of magnetism.
2. This law is valid for asymmetrical current distribution.
3. This law is the differential form of magnetic field induction  B^→ or magnetising force  H^→.
Ampere's circuital law
1. This law is based on the principle of electromagnetism.
2. This law is valid for symmetrical current distribution.
3. This law is the integral form of
 B^→ or  H^→.

Bad effects are as under:- 1) Public sector monopolies gradually turned out to be a 'dead social weight'. By incurring heavy losses, public sector enterprise led to insufficient use of resources. 2) Protection of domestic industries stimulated its growth. But, it failed to achieve international standards of product quality. 3) Saving foreign exchange through import substitution proved to be an inefficient policy instrument.

The Cl-,Br- and CN- nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene in the presence of Cu(I) ion. This reaction is called sand Meyer's reaction.

It is used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts. It is an example of a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

When a primary aromatic amine, dissolved or suspended in cold aqueous mineral acid, is treated with sodium nitrite, a diazonium salt is formed. Mixing the solution of freshly prepared diazonium salt with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide results in the replacement of the diazonium group by −Cl or −Br.

National Rail Museum and Railway Women Welfare Central Organisation are organising an exhibition on Nehru and Railways and an on-the-spot Drawing and Painting Competition for Bal Diwas as the Indian Railways completes 150 years of glorious service. Draft a display advertisement for publication in a newspaper.
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