1. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan from Janata Party was a Marxist of youth, who became a Gandhian and involved himself in a Bhoodan movement.
2. He led Bihar movement and opposed the emergency.
3. Bihar students invited him and he accepted on the condition of movement to be non-violent and not to limit only to Bihar territory. Hence, Bihar movement assumed a political character and national appeal.
4. This movement demanded dismissal of Congress government in Bihar and called for total revolution in social, economic and political aspects to establish a total democracy.
5. Bandhs, gheraos, strikes were organised in protest. Even employees of railways organised a strike which threatened to paralyse the country.
6. In 1975, Janata Party led people’s march to parliament to be one of the largest political rallies ever held in capital.
7. Janata was supported by non¬Congress parties like BJS, socialist
parties etc., which projected JP as an alternative to Indira Gandhi.

सुरक्षित तरीके से पैसों की बचत के उद्देश्य के लिये बैंक खातों से हरेक भारतीय नागरिक को जोड़ने के लिये 28 अगस्त 2014 को भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी के द्वारा जन धन योजना की शुरुआत की गयी थी। लाल किले पर राष्ट्र को संबोधित करने के दौरान 15 अगस्त 2015 को उन्होंने इस योजना के बारे में घोषणा की। हालांकि इसकी शुरुआत दो हफ्ते बाद हुई।

इस योजना के अनुसार, इस योजना के शुरुआत होने के पहले दिन ही लगभग 1 करोड़ बैंक खाते खोले गये। भारत में अंतिम स्तर तक विकास लाने के लिये मुद्रा बचत योजना बहुत जरुरी है जिसको ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रहने वाले लोगों में अपने बचत के बारे में अधिक सतर्क बनाने के द्वारा शुरुआत और प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।

खासतौर से, भारत के गरीब लोगों को खोले गये खातों के सभी लाभ को देने, बैंक खातों से उनको जोड़ने के लिये और पैसा बचत के लिये जन धन योजना स्कीम शुरु की गयी। भरतीय स्वतंत्रता दिवस से दो सप्ताह बाद 28 अगस्त को पीएम के द्वारा इस योजना की शुरुआत की गयी। बैंक से उसके लाभ से सभी भारतीय नागरिकों को जोड़ने के लिये एक राष्ट्रीय चुनौती के रुप में इस खाता खोलने वाली और मुद्रा बचत योजना की शुरुआत की गयी थी।

इस योजना को एक सफल योजना बनाने के लिये बहुत सारे कार्यक्रमों को लागू किया गया है। बैंक खातों के महत्व के बारे में जागरुक बनाने के साथ ही बैंक खाता खोलने के फायदे और प्रक्रिया के बारे में उनको समझाने और लोगों के दिमाग को इस ओर खींचने के लिये ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में लगभग 60 हजार नामांकन कैंप लगाये गये।

The EM waves are produced by the accelerated charge. The electron jumping from its outer to inner orbits radiates EM waves. These EM waves are propagated as electric and magnetic fields oscillating in mutually perpendicular directions which is cause of momentum and energy.

Ans : Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.

Explanation:

Griffith experimented with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. This bacteria causes Pneumonia.Two strains of this bacteria were used R-strain & S-strain.

• S strain
  • Smooth mucous polysaccharide coat
  • Resistant to immune system
  • Virulent
• R strain
  • Lacks the coat
  • Destroyed by immune system of the host
  • Non-virulent

i. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) bacteria were grown on a culture plate, some produces smooth shiny colonies (S) while others produces rough colonies (R). This was because the S strain bacteria has a mucous (polysaccharide) coat, while R strain does not.
Mice infected with the S strain (virulent) die from pneumonia infection but mice infected with the R strain do not develop pneumonia.
S strain ---> Inject into mice ----> Mice die
R strain ----> Inject into mice ----> Mice live

The virulet S strain bacteria were killed by heating them. It was observed that heat killed S strain bacteria injected into mice did not kill them.
S strain (heat-killed) ----> Inject into mice ----> Mice live

When a mixture of heat-killed S and live R bacteria was injected, the mice died.
S strain (heat-killed) + R strain (live) ----> Inject into mice ----> Mice died. Moreover, living S bacteria was recovered from the dead mice.

The experment concluded that the R strain bacteria had somehow been transformed by the heat-killed S strain bacteria and that some ‘transforming principle’, transferred from the heat-killed S strain, had enabled the R strain to become virulent. It was thought that this must be due to the transfer of the genetic material.
 

A n s w e r

Evaluation of  ∫log(1 + cos x) dx, x ∈ [0, π]

= π log2 + 2I₁      .....(i)

Preparation of Colloids

A few ways to prepare colloids are given below

•  Chemical method : Colloids can be prepared by chemical reactions leading to formation of molecules by double decomposition, oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis. These molecules then aggregate to form sols 

• Electrical Disintegration/ Bredig’s arc Method: This is applied to obtain colloidal sols of metals like gold, silver and platinum.  An electric arc is stuck between the electrodes of the metal immersed in the dispersion medium. The intense heat produced vapourises the metal, which then condenses to form particles of colloidal size.

• Peptization- It is the process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with dispersion medium in the presence of a small amount of electrolyte. The electrolyte used for this is called peptizing agent. During peptization the precipitate absorbs the one of the ions of the electrolyte on its surface. This causes +veor –vecharge to develop on the precipitate, which ultimately break up into small particles of the size of a colloid.

Mechanism Of Micelle Formation-

• Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid and may be represented as RCOO^- Na (e.g. sodium stearate, (CH₃(CH₂)16COO^-Na⁺]) .  Whendissolved into water , it dissociates into  RCOO^- and  Na⁺ ions

• The RCOO^-ion consists of two parts –  long hydrocarbon chain (also called  non – polar tail)  which is hydrophobic (water repelling ) and a polar group  COO^-   (polar head) which is hydrophilic (water loving )

• At higher concentrations(CMC) RCOO- ions form an aggregate of spherical shape with the hydrocarbon chains pointing towards the centre and the COO- part facing outward on the surface of the sphere. This aggregate is called ionic micelle. It may have as many as 100 ions

On the basis of nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium, colloids can be divided into two forms:

(a) Lyophilic Colloids: As the name lyophilic (liquid-loving or solvent attracting) indicates, lyophilic colloids are the colloids exhibiting a strong interaction between the two phases.
The substances like gum, gelatin, starch, when mixed with a suitable liquid as the dispersion medium, directly form the colloidal sol which is also named as lyophilic sol.

(b) Lyophobic Colloids: Lyophobic' means 'liquid hating', which indicates that in these sols there is little or no interaction between the two phases. Substances like metals and their sulphides, when simply mixed with the dispersion medium do not form colloidal sol. They cannot be prepared by simply mixing the two phases. Such substances are called Lyophobic Sols.

1.1 On the basis of your understanding of the passage, complete the statements given below by choosing the most appropriate option: ( Any five) (a) i. limiting education to academic boundaries. (b) iv. to focus on overall development. (c) iii.iIntellectual development. (d) ii. their real life experiences. (e) iv. the foundation (f) ii. creativity 1.2 Answer the following briefly: (a) Being creative and unique (b)Students must step out into the outside world. (c) Co-curricular activities that take place outside the classroom but reinforce or supplement classroom curriculum. (d) Visiting industries will give a better insight into industries (e)Soft skills are developed only through practical exposure and opportunities to implement what they have learnt. 1.3 Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following: i. Hoax ii. Coordination

Colloids can be classified according to different properties of the dispersed phase and medium.

Firstly, based on the types of particles of the dispersed phase, colloids can be classified as:

• Multimolecular colloids
• Macromolecular colloids
• Associated colloids

Suspension :

Suspension doesn’t mix together entirely, or if they do, the particles may become unmixed and fall to the bottom.

Dispersed particles or solute in suspension are larger than solutes of solution.

The diameter os these particles is of the order 2000A˚ or more.

Example- sand stirred ito water, soot in the air.

Colloids:

The colloids solutions are colloids suspension are intermediate between true solutions and suspensions.

The diameter of the dispersed particles in the solvent of colloid solution ranges from 10A˚ to 2000A˚.

Example: milk, butter.

Colloid:

Depending upon the size of the solute particles the solutions can be categorised as true solution, suspension and colloids. The type of solution in which the size of the solute particle is in the range of 1 to 100 nm, is called a colloid. A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is dispersed (dispersed phase or colloidal particles) in another substance which is called dispersion medium.

Observation

(i) At low pressure, the graph is almost straight line which indicates that x/m is directly proportional to the pressure.

x/m ∝ pz

x/m = Kp

where K is constant.

(ii) At high pressure, the graph becomes almost constant which means that x/m becomes independent of pressure. This may be expressed as:

x/m = constant

x/m ∝ p⁰

x/m = K p⁰

(iii) Thus, in the intermediate range of pressure, x/m will depend upon the power of pressure which lies between 0 to l i.e., fractional power of pressure (probable range 0.1 to 0.5).

This may be expressed as

x/m ∝ p^1/n

x/m = Kp^1/n

where n can take any whole number value which depends upon the nature of adsorbate and adsorbent. The above relationship is also called Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm.

CBSE 12th Date Sheet 2021: The Central Board of Secondary Education will announce CBSE class 12 exam dates for the 2021 session in the third week of December 2020. It is expected that the exams will start in the second week of February 2021 and will end in the last week of March 2021. The students will be able to download the CBSE time table for class 12 from the official website cbse.nic.in. We will also update the link here once the date sheet will release. The board exams will be conducted in the first meeting i.e. 10:30 AM. 

The adsorption of the gas depends on the nature of the adsorbent. A gas can be adsorbed on different absorbent surfaces in different amounts. For example, <a href="https://byjus.com/chemistry/hydrogen/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hydrogen</a> is weakly adsorbed on the alumina surface whereas it is strongly adsorbed on the nickel surface under certain conditions.

• Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
• Globalisation need not always be positive. It can have negative consequences for the people.
• As a concept, globalisation fundamentally deals with flows. These flows can be ideas moving from one part of the world to another, commodities being traded across borders and so on.
• The crucial element is the worldwide inter connectedness which is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows.

 Electrostatic Potential : The electrostatic potential at any point in an electric field is equal to the amount of work done per unit positive test charge or in bringing the unit positive test charge from infinite to that point, against the electrostatic force without acceleration.