The Congress Parliamentary Board met on July 11, 1969, to discuss the presidential candidate. The Syndicate had already decided on nominating Sanjiva Reddy, whose affinity to them was well known. Mrs Gandhi was naturally loath to do so. At the meeting, she suggested nominating the veteran dalit leader, Jagjivan Ram. When this was shot down, she asked that they postpone a decision to allow more time for arriving at a consensus. Nijalingappa, however, forced a vote in the six-member Parliamentary Board. Mrs Gandhi was outvoted four to two.
Even as a brooding Indira Gandhi left for Bangalore, a fresh opening presented itself. The Vice-President V V Giri announced that he would contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate. Mrs Gandhi knew that before she could support Giri against her own party's nominee, she would have to regain the initiative within the party. This she did first by forcing Morarji Desai out of the Cabinet and then by nationalizing banks. She also went ahead and filed the nomination for Sanjiva Reddy, though she refrained from issuing a whip to Congress MPs.
The Syndicate realized that Mrs Gandhi might yet come out in support of Giri. Nijalingappa took a fatal misstep by approaching the main opposition parties, Swatantra and Jana Sangh, to cast their second preference vote for Reddy (the opposition's candidate was C D Deshmukh). Mrs Gandhi seized the opportunity to denounce Nijalingappa's move. Yet, she did not formally reveal her preference until the night before the elections, when she called on her party to 'vote according to conscience'.
V V Giri won the poll by a narrow margin. The voting figures showed that a majority of Congress members had actually voted for Reddy. Giri had edged through with a minority of Congress votes and support from a curious combination of opposition groups.

Under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, the Indian National Congress won a fourth consecutive term in power and over 54% of the seats, while no other party won more than 10% of the votes or seats. However, the INC's victory was significantly lower than the results they had achieved in the previous three elections under Jawaharlal Nehru. By 1967, economic growth in India had slowed – the 1961–1966 Five-Year Plan gave a target of 5.6% annual growth, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%. Under Lal Bahadur Shastri, the government's popularity was boosted after India prevailed in the 1965 War with Pakistan, but this war (along with the previous 1962 War with China) had helped put a strain on the economy. Internal divisions were emerging in the Indian National Congress and its two popular leaders Nehru and Shastri had both died. Indira Gandhi had succeeded Shastri as leader, but a rift had emerged between her and Deputy Prime Minister Morarji Desai, who had been her rival in the 1966 party leadership contest

The expression ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ became popular in the political vocabulary in India to describe the practice of frequent floor-crossing by legislators. The phrase became the subject of numerous jokes and cartoons. Ultimately, the Constitution was amended to prevent defections.

Impact on the Indian political system are as follows :

• It leads to instability within a political party.
• It promotes political opportunism in political system.
• It erodes the faith, and trust of common in political system.
• It causes instable government.

Narmada Bachao Andolan also was known as NBA is a social movement formed by activist Medha Patkar. NBA consists of human activist, farmers, Adivasis, and people established on the bank of Narmada river. The main aim of the movement is against the large dams built or in process across the Narmada river. The Narmada flows across Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and ends up in the Arabian sea.

The royal Centre was located in the south-western part of the settlement.

(i) It included over 60 temples. About thirty building complexes have been identified as palaces.

(ii) The “King’s palace” was the largest of the enclosures but has not yielded definitive evidence of being a royal residence.

(iii) It had two of the most impressive platforms, usually called the “audience hall” and the “mahanavami dibba” which is located on one of the highest points in the city.

(iv) One of the most beautiful building in the royal centre was the Lotus Mahal and the most spectacular was known as the Hazara Rama temple as this was probably meant to be used only by the king and his family.

 (i) The British were unwilling to tolerate the power of Taluqdars. Immediately after the annexation, the taluqdars were disarmed and their forts destroyed.

 (ii) The British land revenue policy further undermined the position and authority of the taluqdars.

 (iii) The Summary Settlements proceeded to remove the taluqdars wherever possible.

 (iv) It was based on the assumption that the taluqdars were interlopers with permanent stakes in land.

 (v) The ties of loyalty and patronage that had bound the peasants to the taluqdars were disrupted.

British land revenue officials thought that if they could remove taluqdars then they could give land to their actual owners. It will reduce the level of exploitation of peasants and it will increase the revenue returns for the state. But actually this did not happen. There was a definite increase of revenue return for the state but the burden of demand on peasants remained the same. Officials soon came to know that most of the areas of Awadh were actually heavily overassessed. At some places the increase of revenue demanded was from 30% to 70%. That’s why neither taluqdars and nor peasants were happy. The result of dispossession of taluqdars was the breakdown of whole of the social order. The ties of loyalty and patronage were disrupted which had bounded the peasants to the taluqdars.

Cities accommodating populations between one to five million are called metropolitan cities.

The urban agglomerations differ from metropolitan cities in the following ways.

An urban agglomeration may consist of any one of the following three combinations :

(i) A town and its adjoining urban out growths.

(ii) Two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths.

(iii) A city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths forming a contiguous spread.

Agricultural credit plays an important role in agricultural development. ... In fact, facilitation of access to credit can raise amount of productive investment. Credit has a crucial role for elimination of farmer`s financial constraints to invest in farm activities, increasing productivity and improving technologies. As an important factor of production, credit must play a pivotal role in fostering an equitable distribution of the increasing agricultural income. It must be used to create productive employment for absorbing the growing numbers of underemployed in the agricultural sectors.

Rural development is important because around two-thirds of India’s population lives in rural areas. India’s development is not possible without the development of the rural sector.

A regulated market is a market over which government bodies or, less commonly, industry or labor groups, exert a level of oversight and control. Market regulation is often controlled by the government and involves determining who can enter the market and the prices they may charge. By non-regulated market we mean a market only subject to ordinary competition regulation where the degree of competition may vary. ... In the non-regulated market, the firm has no profit regulation.

In economics, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is defined as the proportion of an aggregate raise in pay that a consumer spends on the consumption of goods and services, as opposed to saving it. In economics, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is a metric that quantifies induced consumption, the concept that the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). The proportion of disposable income which individuals spend on consumption is known as propensity to consume. MPC is the proportion of additional income that an individual consumes. For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.65, then of that dollar, the household will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents. Obviously, the household cannot spend more than the extra dollar (without borrowing).

After the World War II; the Germany was partitioned in two parts i.e. West Germany and East Germany. In the 50s and 60s, East Germans fled to West Germany in the search of better job opportunities and better education. In this migration there were hundreds of artisans, professors, doctors, engineers and businessmen. Due this mass brain drain the economy of East Germany started weakening which compelled the government of the East Germany to build a Berlin Wall in 1961.