When plane polarized light is passed through a substance, it may or may not rotate the plane of the plane polarized light. The substance which does not rotate the plane of the plane polarized light is known as optically inactive compound, while a substance which rotates the plane of the plane polarized light is known as optically active substance.

Faraday’s – First Law of Electrolysis

It is one of the primary laws of electrolysis. It states, during electrolysis, the amount of chemical reaction which occurs at any electrode under the influence of electrical energy is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte.

The 1991 Indian economic crisis was an economic crisis in India that resulted from poor economic policies and the resulting trade deficits. India's economic problems started worsening in 1985 as the imports swelled, leaving the country in a twin deficit: the Indian trade balance was in deficit at a time when the government was running on a large fiscal deficit. By the end of 1990, in the run-up to the Gulf War, the dire situation meant that the Indian foreign exchange reserves could have barely financed three weeks' worth of imports. Meanwhile, the government came close to defaulting on its own financial obligations. By July that year, the low reserves had led to a sharp depreciation of the rupee, which in turn exacerbated the twin deficit problem. The Chandrasekhar government could not pass the budget in February 1991 after Moody downgraded India's bond ratings. The ratings further deteriorated due to the unsuccessful passage of the fiscal budget. This made it impossible for the country to seek short term loans and exacerbated the existing economic crisis. The World Bank and IMF also stopped their assistance, leaving the government with no option except to mortgage the country's gold to avoid defaulting on payments.

In an attempt to seek an economic bailout from the IMF, the Indian government airlifted its national gold reserves.

The crisis, in turn, paved the way for the liberalisation of the Indian economy, since one of the conditions stipulated in the World Bank loan (structural reform), required India to open itself up to participation from foreign entities in its industries, including its state owned enterprises.

The goals of Five Year plans are growth, modernisation, self-reliance and equity.

Growth: It refers to an increase in the countries’ capacity to produce the output of goods and services within the economy. The right indication for growth of an economy is steady increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is derived from the various sectors of the economy such as the agricultural, industrial and the service sector.

Self-reliance : An economy has to reduce the dependency on foreign countries for import of food items, technology, capital goods. As we depend more om imported goods, it may lead our economy to a vulnerable condition.

Pre independence India had a flourishing economy based on agriculture and handicrafts. The quality of workmanship in field on textiles and precious stones was high leading to a worldwide base for Indian products. The British policy was to turn India into an exporter of raw materials and consumer of finished goods. British economic exploitation, the decay of indigenous industries, the failure of modern industries to replace them, high taxation, the drain of wealth to Britain and a backward agrarian structure leading to the stagnation of agriculture and the exploitation of the poor peasants by the zamindars, landlords, princes.

Transformation of Rural Society

• an increase in the use of agricultural labour as cultivation became more intensive;
• a shift from payment in kind (grain) to payment in cash;
• a loosening of traditional bonds or hereditary relationships between farmers or landowners and agricultural workers (known as bonded labour);

Reconstructing religous beliefs and practices of past is not an easy task. Now reconstructions of Harappan religion are made on the assumption that later traditions provide parallels with earlier ones. This is because archaeologists often move from the known to the unknown, that is, from the present to the past. While this is plausible in the case of stone querns and pots, it becomes more speculative when we extend it to “religious” symbols.

However attempts have been made by the scholars to reconstruct the religious beliefs and practices by examining the seals of the harappan civilization. And studying these seals and the motifs printed on it scholars have come out with ideas regarding the religious practices of the Harappan people. For example there are some seal which seem to depict ritual scenes. Others, with plant motifs, are thought to indicate nature worship. Some animals – such as the one-horned animal, often called the “unicorn” – depicted on seals seem to be mythical, composite creatures. In some seals, a figure shown seated cross-legged in a “yogic” posture, sometimes surrounded by animals, has been regarded as a depiction of “proto-Shiva”, that is, an early form of one of the major deities of Hinduism.

Even then there still remain doubts when it comes to religious practices for instance, at the “proto-Shiva” seals. The earliest religious text, the Rigveda (compiled c. 1500-1000 BCE) mentions a god named Rudra, which is a name used for Shiva in later Puranic traditions However, unlike Shiva, Rudra in the Rigveda is neither depicted as Pashupati (lord of animals in general and cattle in particular), nor as a yogi. In other words, this depiction does not match the description of Rudra in the Rigveda. 

Hence even though seals does help in reconstructing religious beliefs and practices of the Harappan civilization but even then it is no more than a speculation.

An electric dipole is defined as a couple of opposite charges q and –q separated by a distance d. By default, the direction of electric dipoles in space is always from negative charge -q to positive charge q. The midpoint q and –q is called the centre of the dipole. The simplest example of an electric dipole is a pair of electric charges of two opposite signs and equal magnitude separated by distance.

The SI unit of dipole moment is Coulomb.meter

The state of physical(fatigue, weakness and low energy), emotional and psychological (irritability, anxiety, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness) exhaustion is known as burnout.

Green Revolution refers to an increase in the production of food grains due to the use of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, use of fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation facilities.
Reasons for implementation of Green Revolution:
At the time of independence, a large chunk of farmers were dependent on the monsoon due to which they faced innumerable problems in farming activities.
The technology and machinery used in farming were obsolete which resulted in low agricultural productivity.
Famines affected agricultural productivity in the 1940s.
Indian agriculture suffered from low productivity of food grains as more emphasis was given to cash crops during the colonial rule. This resulted in the shortage of food grains in India.
Indian farmers were dependent on landlords and rural money lenders to meet their credit requirements. Landlords and lenders exploited farmers.
The Green Revolution ensured food security to the Indian population. The motive behind implementing the Green Revolution was to increase agricultural productivity. This was possible because nearly 75% of the country's population was engaged in this sector. This resulted in a significant increase in the production of food grains.
Benefits to farmers:
Availability of inputs: It enabled farmers to use HYV seeds, pesticides, fertilisers and well-developed agricultural methods in areas where the supply of water was regular.
Scientific rotation of crops: It allowed the farmers to harvest more than two crops in a year through the initiation of short-term HYV seeds for major crops.
Credit facility: It provided farmers with sufficient credit facilities and package of inputs before the sowing season through government programmes.
Minimum support prices: It ensured farmers with reasonable prices for their produce through minimum support prices and prevented income fluctuations.

GDP per capita is nothing but GDP per person; the country's GDP divided by the total population. ... While the GDP measures only the production and services within a country, GNI also includes net income earned from other countries. Per capital GNI or per capita income is the GNI divided by the population. Faster growth in gross domestic product (GDP) expands the overall size of the economy and strengthens fiscal conditions. Broadly shared growth in per capita GDP increases the typical American's material standard of living.

Fixture of 7 teams in league tournament in cyclic methodnumber of matches = n(n-1)/2n = no. of teams = 7(7-1)/2= 7x6/2 = 42/2 = 21 matchesTotal no. of rounds = 7

Direct tax is imposed directly on the taxpayer and is paid by the taxpayer directly to the government. The incidence and impact of the tax is on the same person.

Its burden cannot be transferred to other person

It doesn't affect the prices.

For example - Income tax, property tax etc.