Zn, Cd, Hg are not regarded as transition element Because they have the completely filled d-sub-shell with outer electronic configuration (n-1)d¹⁰ns²

Transition elements are those elements in which the atoms or ions (in stable oxidation state) contain partially filled d-orbital. These elements lie in the d-block and show a transition of properties between s-block and p-block. Therefore, these are called transition elements.

Elements such as Zn, Cd, and Hg cannot be classified as transition elements because these have completely filled d-subshell.

Transition metal, any of various chemical elements that have valence electrons—i.e., electrons that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds—in two shells instead of only one. While the term transition has no particular chemical significance, it is a convenient name by which to distinguish the similarity of the atomic structures and resulting properties of the elements so designated. They occupy the middle portions of the long periods of the periodic table of elements between the groups on the left-hand side and the groups on the right. Specifically, they form Groups 3 (IIIb) through 12 (IIb). 

Some of the more well-known transitional metals include titanium, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt, silver, mercury and gold. Three of the most noteworthy elements are iron, cobalt and nickel as they are only elements known to produce a magnetic field.

In many multi nucleated organisms, the cells divide and form multiple nuclei without the process of mitosis. Thus, multinucleated cells divide into similar daughter cells. The meaning of the word plasmotomy is something which is uncountable. It is a type of asexual reproduction. It is commonly found in protozoa. In protozoa, the parent organism divides into daughter organisms without the process of cell division. It is seen in Opalina and Plasmodium

Possibilism is reaction to determinism and environmental determinism. It is based upon the assumption that environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions. This theory says that the true and only geographical problem is that to utilisation of possibilities. Environmental determinism is an idea that occupied a central position in geography dur- ing the early part of the twentieth century. It holds that the physical environment shapes the course of human economic, cultural, and social development, and that this effect is independent of space and time.

Population distribution is a term used to describe how humans are spread across the Earth. Population distribution across the Earth is uneven. Some areas are densely populated, whereas others are sparsely populated.

The land surface of the Earth accounts for around 30% of its area. However, only around 11% of the land surface can be comfortably inhabited by humans. Many human and physical factors affect population distribution and population density across the world.

Physical factors that affect population density include water supply, climate, relief (shape of the land), vegetation, soils and availability of natural resources and energy.

Human factors that affect population density include social, political and economic factors.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to measure or calculate exactly, both the position and the momentum of an object. This principle is based on the wave-particle duality of matter. Although Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle can be ignored in the macroscopic world (the uncertainties in the position and velocity of objects with relatively large masses are negligible), it holds significant value in the quantum world. Since atoms and subatomic particles have very small masses, any increase in the accuracy of their positions will be accompanied by an increase in the uncertainty associated with their velocities.

In the field of quantum mechanics, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is a fundamental theory that explains why it is impossible to measure more than one quantum variables simultaneously. Another implication of the uncertainty principle is that it is impossible to accurately measure the energy of a system in some finite amount of time. 

Apomixis

Apomixis is a mechanism to produce seeds without fertilization. This mechanism produces clones, hence can be considered as a form of asexual reproduction.

Apomixis can occur in a number of ways, some of which are mentioned below:

Nucellar cells which are diploid & located outside the embryo sac continuously divide and enter inside embryo sac and later develop into embryos. In this way, multiple embryos can exist inside one ovule. This is termed as Polyembryony. It is seen commonly in Citrus, mango etc..

Sometimes, the egg cell is not formed as a result of reduction division, hence diploid. This diploid egg cell later directly develops into an embryo.

Differences between the electromotive force and potential difference:

1. The electromotive force is the measure of energy that it gives to each coulomb of charge, whereas the potential difference is the amount of energy used by the one coulomb of charge.
2. The electromotive force is represented by the symbol ε whereas the symbol V represents the potential difference.
3. The electromotive force does not depend on the internal resistance of the circuit whereas the potential difference is directly proportional to the resistance of the circuit.
4. The electromotive force transfers the energy in the whole of the circuit. The potential difference is the measure of energy between any two points on the circuit.
5. The magnitude of the electromotive force is always greater than the potential difference when the circuit is unchanged but when the circuit is fully charged the magnitude of the potential difference is equal to the emf of the circuit.

The military history of Pakistan encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas constituting modern Pakistan and greater South Asia. The history of the modern-day military of Pakistan began in 1947, when Pakistan achieved its independence as a modern nation.

The military holds a significant place in the history of Pakistan, as the Pakistani Armed Forces have played, and continue to play, a significant role in the Pakistani establishment and shaping of the country. Although Pakistan was founded as a democracy after its independence from the British Raj, the military has remained one of the country's most powerful institutions and has on occasion overthrown democratically elected civilian governments on the basis of self-assessed mismanagement and corruption. Almost none of the four military coups had a justified motive. Successive governments have made sure that the military was consulted before they took key decisions, especially when those decisions related to the Kashmir conflict and foreign policy. Political leaders of Pakistan are aware that the military has stepped into the political arena through coup d'état to establish military dictatorships, and could do so again.

Saturation current is a term used in relation to semiconductor diodes. It is more fully named reverse saturation current and is "part of the reverse current in a diode caused by diffusion of minority carriers from the neutral regions to the depletion region.

I_S, the reverse bias saturation current for an ideal p-n diode is given by,

where

The half-life of a reaction is generally denoted by t1/2. The half-life of reactions depends on the order of reaction and takes different forms for different reaction orders. From the integrated rate equations, concentration of reactants and products at any moment can be determined with the knowledge of time, initial concentration and rate constant of the reaction. Similarly, we can determine time too, with the knowledge of other two variables. The time in which the concentration of the reactant is reduced to one-half of the initial value is known as the half-life of a reaction.

Zero order reaction

In zero order reaction, the rate of reaction depends upon the zeroth power of concentration of reactants. From the integrated rate equation for a zero order reaction with rate constant, k, concentration at any time, t is expressed as,

A → B

[A] = −kt + [A]0

From the definition of half-life of a reaction, at t = t12; [A] = [A]02

⇒ = −kt12 + [A]0

⇒ −kt12 = −[A]02

⇒ t12 = [A]02k

Hence, from the above equation we can conclude that the half life of a zero order reaction depends on initial concentration of reacting species and the rate constant, k. It is directly proportional to initial concentration of the reactant whereas it is inversely proportional to the rate constant, k.