Delegation refers to the downward transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate. Delegation involves granting of authority to subordinates with a view to make them perform the assign duties.

Yes, directing is the heart of management process. It means guiding, inspiring and supervising the people to work for the betterment of the organisation.
Importance of directing :
1.Initiates Action
Directing is the execution function of converting plans into action. While the other functions prepare a setting for action, it initiates action in the organisation for the achievement of predetermined goals.
2. Integrates Employees Efforts
Directing helps a manager to integrate individual efforts towards the achievement of organisational goals. It ensures that all individuals work for the benefit of the organisation, by establishing harmony between organisational and personal goals.
3. Provides Leadership
Effective directing provides motivation and leadership to the employees, which helps them to identify their potentials and realise their latent capabilities, leading to growth.
4. Introduces Changes
Changes in an organisation are usually resisted by employees. Through effective direction, a manager can explain the purpose and benefit of such changes to the employees. Various incentives may also be offered to motivate them and accept the changes whole heartedly.
5. Provides Stability
Effective directing helps to develop co-operation and commitment on part of subordinates. This provides stability to the organisation and helps to achieve balance among various groups, activities and departments.

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Calcium chloride is strongly hygroscopic (absorbs water from its surroundings), so it removes moisture from the air, making it dryer. This results in water in the substance to be dried to evaporate into the drier air, and this cycle repeats until the system reaches an equilibrium. Anhydrous calcium chloride is an inorganic salt that easily forms hydrates which promotes its use for removing water from any organic solution.

सहकारी कृषि – जब कृषकों का एक समूह अपनी कृषि से अधिक लाभ कमाने के लिए स्वेच्छा से एक सहकारी संस्था बनाकर कृषि कार्य सम्पन्न करे उसे ‘सहकारी कृषि’ कहते हैं। इसमें व्यक्तिगत कार्य अक्षुण्ण रहते हुए सहकारी रूप में कृषि की जाती है।

सामूहिक कृषि – सामूहिक कृषि का आधारभूत सिद्धान्त यह है कि इसमें उत्पादन के साधनों का स्वामित्व सम्पूर्ण समाज एवं सामूहिक श्रम पर आधारित होता है। कृषि का यह प्रकार पूर्व सोवियत संघ में प्रारम्भ हुआ था जहाँ कृषि की स्थिति सुधारने एवं उत्पादन में वृद्धि व आत्म-निर्भरता प्राप्ति हेतु सामूहिक कृषि प्रारम्भ की गई। इस प्रकार की कृषि को सोवियत संघ में ‘कोलखहोज’ नाम दिया गया।

The teachings of Buddha are as follows:

• The world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing. It is also soulless as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it.
• Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence.
• By following the path of moderation between severe penance and self-indulgence, human beings can use above these worldly pleasures.
• He advised kings and gahapatis to be humane and ethical. Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin.
• He emphasised individual agency and righteous action as the means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and attain self-realisation and nibbana (literally means the extinguishing of ego and desire).
  This ends the cycle of suffering for those who renounced the world.
• The words to his followers were “Be lamps into yourselves as all of you must work out your own liberation.”

Sulphur sol and gold sol are Lyophobic sols and are unstable and are build to colloidal size from small particles by the Condensation method by Chemical reactions.

 Oxidation sulphur sol is prepared by passing H₂S into SO₂

1.  H₂S + SO₂ → S (sol) + H₂O 

2. Reduction of AuCl₃ with formaldehyde gives gold sol.

   AuCl₃+ HCHO + 3H₂O → Au (sol) + 3HCOOH + 6HCl

Objectives of Management Objectives can be classified into organisational, social or personal
(i) Organisational Objectives
(a) Survival It exists for a long time in the competition market.
(b) Profit It provides a vital incentive for the continued successful operations.
(c) Growth Success of an organisation is measured by growth and expansion of activities.
(ii) Social Objectives Involves creation of benefit for society.
(iii) Personal Objectives Objectives of employees like good salary, promotion, social recognition, healthy working conditions.

Transition elements (also known as transition metals) are elements that have partially filled d orbitals. IUPAC defines transition elements as an element having a d subshell that is partially filled with electrons, or an element that has the ability to form stable cations with an incompletely filled d orbital.

In general, any element which corresponds to the d-block of the modern periodic table (which consists of groups 3-12) is considered to be a transition element. Even the f-block elements comprising the lanthanides and the actinides can be considered as transition metals.

However, since the f-block elements have incompletely filled f-orbitals, they are often referred to as inner transition elements or inner transition metals. An illustration detailing the position of transition metals on the periodic table along with their general electronic configurations is provided below.

A block of the periodic table is a set of elements unified by the orbitals their valence electrons or vacancies lie in. The term appears to have been first used by Charles Janet. Each block is named after its characteristic orbital: s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block.

The block names (s, p, d, and f) are derived from the spectroscopic notation for the value of an electron's azimuthal quantum number: shape (0), principal (1), diffuse (2), or fundamental (3). Succeeding notations proceed in alphabetical order, as g, h, etc.

Transition metals share many similar properties including: They can form many compounds with different oxidation states. They can form compounds with different colors. They are metals and conduct electricity. Properties of transition elements include:

• have large charge/radius ratio;
• are hard and have high densities;
• have high melting and boiling points;
• form compounds which are often paramagnetic;
• show variable oxidation states;
• form coloured ions and compounds;
• form compounds with profound catalytic activity;

Subsequently, question is, why do all metals have similar properties? The reason that that elements in the same 'group' have similar chemical properties is because they have the same number of valence electrons. Iron when reacting in chemical reactions loses electrons from its 4s orbital instead of its d orbital.

As discussed earlier, the elements zinc, cadmium, and mercury are not considered transition elements since their electronic configurations are different from other transition metals. However, the rest of the d-block elements are somewhat similar in properties and this similarity can be observed along each specific row of the periodic table. These properties of the transition elements are listed below.

• These elements form coloured compounds and ions. This colour is explained by the d-d transition of electrons.
• There is a relatively low gap in energy between the possible oxidation states of these elements. The transition elements, therefore, exhibit many oxidation states.
• Many paramagnetic compounds are formed by these elements, because of the unpaired electrons in the d orbital.
• A large variety of ligands can bind themselves to these elements. Due to this, a wide variety of stable complexes are formed by transition elements.
• These elements have a large ratio of charge to the radius.
• Transition metals tend to be hard and they have relatively high densities when compared to other elements.
• The boiling points and the melting points of these elements are high, due to the participation of the delocalized d electrons in metallic bonding.
• This metallic bonding of the delocalized d electrons also causes the transition elements to be good conductors of electricity.