The Van’t Hoff factor offers insight on the effect of solutes on the colligative properties of solutions. It is denoted by the symbol ‘i’. The Van’t Hoff factor can be defined as the ratio of the concentration of particles formed when a substance is dissolved to the concentration of the substance by mass.

The extent to which a  substance associates or dissociates in a solution is described by the Van’t Hoff factor. For example, when a non-electrolytic substance is dissolved in water, the value of i is generally 1. However, when an ionic compound forms a solution in water, the value of i is equal to the total number of ions present in one formula unit of the substance.

The possible causes of the decline in production are-

1)- there may be some defect in machinery.

2)- employees are not performing efficiently.

3)- sometimes employee may become lethargic

Company can take following steps to overcome these problems-

1)- company can replace defected machine with new one or get it repaired.

2)- if employees are not performing efficiently, the company should give adequate training to their employees.

3)- a company should keep close supervision upon employees so that they don't act in a lethargic way

Meaning of Structural Change:

(i) Structural processes of change due to a transformation in the network of social relationships.

(ii) Caste, kinship, family and occupational groups constitute some of the structural realities. Change in these relationships is a structural change.

(iii) When the traditional agrarian system based on family labour is transformed into agrarian system based on hired labour with a view to produce for the market, we may call it a structural change.

(iv) Another example can be the transformation of joint family to nuclear family brings about change in structure and function of family. It is through the process of differentiation of roles that structural change takes place.

Elements of growing consensus

(i) Agreement on new economic policies : Most parties were in support of the new economic policies and believed that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.

(ii) Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes : Political parties had recognized that the social and political claims of the Backward Castes need to be accepted and support reservation of seats for OBC in education and employment.

(iii) Acceptance of the role of State level parties in governance of the country: State level parties were sharing power at the national level and had played a central role in the country's politics.

(iv) Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement as most parties of the NDA did not agree with the 'Hindutava' ideology of the BJP. Yet, they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.

In order to attract foreign investors, special economic zones were set-up.

Special economic zones (SEZs) in mainland China are granted more free market-oriented economic policies and flexible governmental measures by the government of China, compared to the planned economy elsewhere. This allows SEZs to utilize economic management which is more attractive to foreign and domestic businesses.

A case against Gandhi was initiated for disregarding government orders. The spontaneous demonstration of thousands of peasants baffled the officials. The judge was requested to postpone the trial. Gandhi refused to furnish bail. The judge released him without bail. Several days later Gandhi received an official letter. The case against him had been dropped. Thus, civil disobedience had triumphed.

सेवा में,

संपादक,

नवभारत टाइम्स,

नई दिल्ली।

महोदय,

अपने दैनिक समाचा-पत्रों के ’पाठकों के पत्र’ शीर्षक के अंतर्गत समाज में बढ़ते अपराधों पर मेरे विचार जनहित में प्रकाशित करने का कष्ट करें।

दिल्ली में पिछले एक वर्ष से अफसरशाही को मनमानी करने का पूरा अवसर मिला हुआ है। यही कारण है कि वे अपने स्वार्थों की सिद्धि में तो लगे हुए हैं, पर जन-समस्याओं के प्रति उपेक्षापूर्ण दृष्टिकोण अपनाए हुए हैं।

दिल्ली कानून-व्यवस्था नाम की कोई चीज रह ही नहीं गई है। संभ्रांत काॅलोनियों में दिन दहाडें डकैती और हत्या की घटनाएँ आम हो गई हैं। यहाँ के नागरिकों का जीवन असुरक्षित हो गया है। नागरिकों की समस्यओं पर ध्यान देने की फुर्सत किसी को नहीं है। मैं आपके समाचार-पत्र के माध्यम से केन्द्र सरकार में बैठे मंत्रियों से अनुरोध करती हूँ कि दिल्ली में जन-प्रतिनिधियों की शासन-व्यवस्था को शीघ्र बहाल करें एवं महँगाई पर काबू पाने के सार्थक प्रयास करें।

धन्यवाद सहित,

भवदीया

प्रतिभा शर्मा

love and understanding

‘The Rattrap’ is a story that gives us a psychological insight into human nature. The author highlights how greed for material things entraps human beings. The story upholds the belief that the essential goodness of a human being can be awakened through love and understanding. It brings into focus the idea that the world is a rattrap. Riches, joys, shelter and food are all lucrative baits to trap mankind.

वास्तव में तो पानी की ही माँग की जाती है। ‘गुड़धानी’ शब्द तो इसके साथ जोड़ दिया गया है। पानी बरसेगा तभी खेतों में ईख और धान उत्पन्न होगा। ईख से गुड बनेगा और गड़धानी तैयार हो पाएगी।

‘गुड़धानी’ का अर्थ पाठ के संदर्भ में अनाज से है। बच्चे मेघों से पानी की माँग भी करते हैं। इसका कारण यह है कि बारिश से प्यास तो बुझती है पर पेट भरने के लिए अनाज की आवश्यकता होती है। अत: वे वर्षा के साथ गुड़धानी (अनाज) की भी माँग करते हैं।

a short exam to measure somebody’s knowledge or skill in something.

1. Knock Knees - Knock knees or Genu Velgum is a postural deformity in which the legs are bent inward and knees strike each other while walking or running. Between birth and 18 months, an outward-turning alignment from hip to knee to ankle is normal. Between about 18 and 24 months, this alignment normally becomes neutral. When the child is between 2 and 5 years old, an inwa

Flat foot meaning - Flat foot is a postural deformity in which the inner curve of foot has bulge more than normal. In this default of feet person gives complete print of his foot sole over the plane surface.

Round shoulders meaning - Round Shoulders or arm around shoulder is a postural deformity in which the shoulders become round and sometimes they seem to be bent forward. If you are looking for how to fix rounded shoulders, you are at right place. Fix your rounded shoulders without any surgery. See round shoulder exercise given below for treatment of rounded shoulders.

Using Biot-Savart's law:



Here, the length of wire segment is so small compared to the distance of the point, we can use any of the 3 formulas above to find dB or B.

Using (3) is difficult as finding  θ1 and θ2 and their Cosine is tough.  So use either (1) or (2) directly.

Using (1):  

dB = 10⁻⁷ units * 5A * 0.01 m * Sin 45⁰ / (2 m) ²      Tesla
      = 1.77 * 10⁻⁷ Tesla
 

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The time period is given as

T = 2πm / Bq

where

mass of the electron, m = 9.1 X 10-31 kg

magnetic field strength, B = 0.2 mT = 0.2 X10-3 T

charge on the electron, q = 1.6 X10-19 C

so,

T = (2 X3.14 X 9.1 X 10-31) / (0.2 X10-3 X 1.6 X10-19)

or

T = (57.148/0.32) X 10-9



thus, the time period will be

T = 1.785 X 10-7 secs.

लेखक पाठशाला जाने के लिये तड़पता है। उसके पिता ने उसे स्कूल जाने से रोक दिया है। पिता को मनाने में लेखक और उसकी माँ सफल नहीं हो पाते हैं। गाँव के सबसे अधिक प्रभावशाली व्यक्ति दत्ताजी राव अंतिम उपाय थे। लेखक और उसकी माँ उनके पास जाते हैं। उनसे दबाव डलवाने के लिये उनको एक झूठ का सहारा लेना पड़ता है। इसके बाद दत्ताजी राव के कहने पर लेखक के पिता उसको पढ़ाने के लिए तैयार हो जाते हैं। लेखक पाठशाला जाना शुरू कर देता है। वहाँ दूसरे लडुकों से उसकी दोस्ती होती है। वह पढ़ने के लिए हर तरह का प्रयास करता है। मराठी के एक बहुत अच्छे अध्यापक के प्रभाव में वह कविता भी रचने लगता है। अगर वह झूठ नहीं बोला जाता तो ये सारे घटनाक्रम घटित ही नहीं होते।

झूठ न बोलने से दत्ता जी राव उसके पिता के ऊपर दबाव नहीं दे पाते। उसके पिता अपनी तरह से लेखक के जीवन को ढालता। लेखक का संबंध पढ़ाई-लिखाई से नहीं हो पाता। उसके संघर्ष की कहानी ही नहीं बन पाती। आज जो कहानी हमें जूझने की प्रेरणा देती है, वह आज हमारे सामने नहीं होती। इस तरह झूठ का सहारा लेने से जीवन और सपनों का विकास होता है जिसके आधार पर लेखक अपनी आत्मकथा लिख पाता है।

Optical fibres are fabricated such that light reflected at one side of inner surface strikes the other at an angle larger than the critical angle. Even if the fibre is bent, light can easily travel along its length. Thus, an optical fibre can be used to act as an optical pipe. They are made up of plastic.

In the few Harappan sites that continued to be occupied after 1900 BCE, there appears to have been a transformation of material culture, marked by the disappearance of the distinctive artefacts of the civilisation weights, seals, special beads. Writing, long distance trade, and craft specialisation also disappear. In general, far fewer materials were used to make far fewer things. House construction techniques were no longer produced. Overall, artefacts and settlements indicate a rural way of life in what are called “Late Harappan” or “Successor Cultures”.