Industrial policy reform envisaged mixed economy wherein public and private sector would coexist. It underlined the need for increased state participation in industrial progress. It called for assistance to small-scale industries and welcomed foreign capital. In 1991, the government announced a specified list of high technology and high-investment priority industries wherein automatic permission was granted for foreign direct investment (FDI) up to 51 percent foreign equity. The limit was raised to 74 percent and subsequently to 100 percent for many of these industries.

पल्ली बस्तियाँ – आम तौर पर झुग्गियों को शारीरिक रूप से कई मदों में विभाजित किया जाता है, हालांकि उन सभी में एक शीर्षक होता है। उन वस्तुओं के मूल नाम पन्ना, पाडा, पाली, नगला, धानी इत्यादि हैं। 

Increase in heart size: Regular exercises develop the muscles of the heart. It increases the size of the heart along with the strengthening of heart. The heart becomes efficient in doing its job.

The decrease in cholesterol level: Regular exercise reduces the level of cholesterol in Our blood. The level of cholesterol in our blood is directly linked with blood pressure. Exercise decreases the level of low-density protein and increases the level of high-density lips protein. It means that exercise decreases the LDL (bad cholesterol) and increase HDL (good cholesterol)

Faster adaptation to workload: Due to the regular exercise, the heart can adapt to working load quickly i.e. quick adjustment of the heart according to body needs.

Increase in no. and efficiency of capillaries: With the regular exercise, efficiency and no. of capillaries is increased with the increase of Muscle mass. The unused and new capillaries become efficient and nourish the various cells efficient and nourish the various cells effectively.

Improve the working capacity of the cardiovascular system: Regular exercise Improve cardio-vascular system thus the blood travels faster through the blood vessels and increased circulation of blood makes healing faster.

The possible causes for decline in production are-

1.There may be some defect in machinery by which the components are produced.

2. Employees are not performing efficiently.

3. Sometimes employees may become lethargic.

The company can take the following steps to achieve the desired targets-

1. Company can replace the machinery or get repaired, if fault is in machine.

2. If employees are not performing efficiently, the company can give training to employees.

3. If employees are becoming lethargic,the company needs to keep a close supervision on their employees.

जेम्स प्रिंसेप

भारतीय में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण घटनाओं में से कुछ
1830 के दशक में एपिग्राफी हुई। यह कब था
जेम्स प्रिंसेप, पूर्व की टकसाल में एक अधिकारी
इंडिया कंपनी, ब्राह्मी और खरोष्ठी का विनिवेश करती है।
सबसे पहले के शिलालेखों में दो लिपियों और
सिक्के।

Some of the most momentous developments in Indian
epigraphy took place in the 1830s. This was when
James Prinsep, an officer in the mint of the East
India Company, deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi,
two scripts used in the earliest inscriptions and
coins. 

The turbulent medieval times saw an exodus of artists to the South. These artists were patronized by the regal houses over there and gradually, three distinct schools of art developed viz. Deccani Paintings, Mysore paintings and Tanjore Paintings. The miniature painting style, which flourished initially in the Bahmani court and later in the courts of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golkonda, is popularly known as the Deccan school of Painting.

Main features

The colors of the Deccani schools paintings are rich and brilliant and are different from those of the northern painting.

Distinctive features of the Deccani paintings of the 18th and 19th centuries are observed in the treatment of the ethnic types, costumes, jewellery, flora, fauna, landscape and colours.

Notable Works

Ahmednagar painting: This school was patronized by Hussain Nizam Shah I of Ahmednagar. The important illustrated manuscript is “Tarif-i-Hussain Shahi“.

Bijapur Paintings: This school was patronized by Ali Adil Shah I (1558-80 A.D.) and his successor Ibrahim II (1580-1627 A.D.). Important and notable work is Najum-al-ulum (Stars of Sciences), which has as many as 400 miniature illustrations. The court of Sultan Ali Adil Shah I had Persian artists and that is why these paintings show profuse use of gold colour, some flowering plants and arabesques on the top of the throne, derived from the Persian tradition. The maximum number of miniature paintings was produced during the times of Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II. It’s worth note that some paintings of Bijapur show influence of Lepakshi temple Murals, particularly in the depiction of the women.

Golconda Paintings: The patrons of the Golconda paintings were the Qutb Shahi rulers. The first important work was accomplished during the times of Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah (1580-1611). These paintings show the dancing girls entertaining the VIPs. The Qutb Shahi rulers had employed many Persian artists and so there is a profound impact of Iranian art on the Golconda miniature paintings. Two more notable paintings are the “Lady with the Myna bird” and the “Lady smoking Hooka”.

Hyderabad Style: The paintings in Hyderabad style developed after the foundation of Asafjahi dynasty by Chin Qulick Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk in 1724. One example is a painting of “princes in the company of maids”. Typical characteristics of the Hyderabad painting like the rich colours, the Deccani facial types and costumes can be observed in the miniature. It belongs to the third quarter of the 18th century.

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

Deleted syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Mathematics

Acts of dissent and resistance to the Emergency imposed in 1975:-

(i) Many political workers who were not arrested in the first wave, went ‘underground’ and organised protests against the government.

(ii) Newspapers like the Indian Express and the Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored. Magazines like the Seminar and the Mainstream chose to close down rather than submit to censorship.

(iii)Many journalists were arrested for writing against the Emergency. Many
underground newsletters and leaflets were published to bypass censorship.

(iv)Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth, awarded with Padma Bhushan, and Hindi writer Fanishwarnath Renu, awarded with Padma Shri, returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy.

(v) The Parliament also brought in many new changes to the Constitution. In the background of the ruling of the Allahabad High Court in the Indira Gandhi case, an amendment was made declaring that elections of Prime Minister, President and Vice-President could not be challenged in the Court.

  Effects:-

(i) After the declaration of Emergency, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end and discipline was enforced on the government employees.

(ii) The poor and rural people also expected effective implementation of the welfare programmes that the government was promising.
Thus, different sections of society had different expectations from the emergency and also different viewpoints about it.
 

 Impact on relationship between the Executive and Judiciary : A conflict between the Parliament and Judiciary had been going on over different constitutional issues, the constitutional interpretations and political ideologies were getting mixed up. People close to the Prime Minister wanted a judiciary and the bureaucracy ‘committed’ to the vision of the executive and the legislature. During emergency exactly this happened. The government made extensive use of preventive detention. Large scale arrests were made. Arrested workers could not challenge their arrest through habeas corpus petitions. Although some High Courts gave judgments allowing courts to entertain a writ of habeas corpus but the Supreme Court over-ruled the High Courts and accepted the government’s plea. This judgment was one of the most controversial judgments of the Supreme Court which had closed the doors of judiciary for the citizens.

Indira Gandhi’s imposition of National emergency in 1975 cannot be justified.

1. Emergency was imposed not because ‘India was in danger’ but because ‘Indira was in danger’.

2. Law and order situation was mostly normal.

3. There was no threat to the unity and integrity of the nation

The circumstances which led to the proclamation of emergency were :

1. Bihar and Gujarat’s movement created an unrest in the country. Students were protesting against the price rise and against the established government in these states. Congress as ruling party failed to handle these protests. Leadership by influencial leaders further gave them a momentum against government.
2. Increases in Naxalite activities against government and violent nature troubled the government. Naxalite had an anti government view. Even harsh measures by government could not stop them.
3. George Fernandes gave a call for nationwide strike to all the railwaymen. Their demands were suppressed by the government. Shut down of such a big institution created havoc in the country.
4. Declaration of Indira Gandhi’s 1971 election invalid was a last straw. Jai Prakash Narayan organised a massive demonstration demanding her resignation. The situation was tense and emergency was declared on 25th June, 1975.
5. Call of complete revolution by Jai Prakash Narayan and unexpected people movement in Delhi.
6. Jai Prakash Narayan announced a nationwide satyagraha for resignation and asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey ‘illegal and immoral orders.’

1. The landmark judgement was delivered on 24^th April 1973 by a razor-thin majority of 7:6 wherein the majority held that any provision of the Indian Constitution can be amended by the Parliament in order to fulfil its socio-economic obligations that were guaranteed to the citizens as given in the Preamble, provided that such amendment did not change the Constitution’s basic structure. The minority, however, in their dissenting opinion, were wary of giving the Parliament unlimited amending power.
2. The court held that the 24^th Constitutional Amendment was entirely valid. But it found the first part of the 25^th Constitutional Amendment to be intra vires and the second part of the same ultra vires.

Full forms:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (A D H D)
Sensory Processing Disorder or S P D (originally called Sensory Integration Dysfunction)
Autism spectrum disorder (A S D)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (O C D)

ANSWER

Apocarpous ovary: The flowers with apocarpus ovary have more than one carpel. These carpels are free. Eg: lotus and rose flowers.

Syncarpous ovary: The flowers with syncarpous ovary have more than one carpel. However, these carpels are fused. Eg: flowers of tomato and mustard.

The sangha originated in the group of disciples who renounced the worldly life to wander with the Buddha and listen to his teachings. After the Buddha's death his disciples continued to live together as a community, wandering from place to place, living off the receipt of alms.