India is due for election to the temporary membership of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) later this year, for the 2021-22 period. Moreover, India for long has been of the view that the UNSC sought to be reformed by expansion in the membership of the Security Council in both the permanent and non – permanent categories.

India, by any objective criteria, such as population, territorial size, GDP, economic potential, civilizational legacy, cultural diversity, political system, is eminently qualified for permanent membership.

Thus, the Indian tryst for permanent membership of Security Council flows broadly from a mix of, three streams, viz., India’s historic association with the UN system, India’s intrinsic value and place in contemporary international politics and its role as the leader of developing countries.

Need for UNSC Reforms

UNSC has been in existence for more than 75 years. However, it does not represent the geopolitical and economic realities of the 21^st century.

• Undemocratic UNSC: Barring two regions (North America and Europe), other regions are either underrepresented (like Asia) or not represented at all (Africa, Latin America and the Small Island developing states).
• Lack of Global Governance: There are no regulatory mechanisms for global commons like the Internet, Space, High Seas (beyond your EEZ-exclusive economic zone) and no unanimity on how to deal with global issues like terrorism, climate change, cybersecurity and public health (as seen in the current pandemic).
• Misuse of Veto Power: The veto power is used by permanent five countries to serve the strategic interest of themselves and their allies.
  • Since 1990, the United States has cast a veto on Council resolutions 16 times, concerning Israeli-Palestinian relations. Russia has done so 17 times, including eight times over Syria.
• Due to all these factors, the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that the Security Council must either reform or risk becoming increasingly irrelevant.

The era of Coalition Governments at the centre began in India in 1989. 

The main objectives of the United Nations are the maintenance of international peace and security, the promotion of the well-being of the peoples of the world, and international cooperation to these ends. The aim of the United Nations system is to prevent war from happening, restoring security, protecting people and advancing human development and social progress.

(i) End of Congress System.

(ii) Rise of OBC politics – Mandal Issues.

(iii) Demolition of Babri Masjid in December 1992.

(iv) Rise of the BJP.

(v) Beginning of the Coalition Era / alliance politics.

(vi) Rise of regional parties as they played a role in the formation of coalitions at the Union Government level.

There are many reasons that are being put forward by scholars regarding the decline of the Harappan civilization,

1. climatic change, deforestation, excessive floods, the shifting and/or drying up of rivers, to overuse of the landscape. Although some of these “causes” may hold for certain settlements, but they do not explain the collapse of the entire civilisation.

2. Invasion of Aryans- It is believed by some scholars that invasion of aryan lead to the decline of Harappan civilization however this hypothesis has been refuted.

3. End of an unifying element- It is believed that a strong unifying element perhaps came to an end because we see disappearance of seals, scripts, weight etc.

The general problem raised here is peasant involvement in Afro‐Asian nationalist movements. As a case study the focus is M. K. Gandhi's attitude to and activities among Indian peasants from 1917 to 1922 and their response, firstly to his broad span of rural work for social reform and the rectification of particular peasant grievances, and then to his India‐wide passive resistance campaigns on continental issues which had no specifically rural appeal. This analysis underlines the fact that ‘India's peasants’ were no monolithic group. They differed from area to area in economic and social position and were further fragmented by the ties of religion, tribe and caste. Consequently the nature and range of their wider public awareness varied, and their relationships with Gandhi were diverse and complicated. In certain areas he attracted wide support, even adulation, particularly where he campaigned on local grievances. But peasant response to his all‐India calls for passive resistance was geographically restricted, and often dependent on a very garbled understanding of the issues at stake and the expected pay‐offs of the movement. Peasant activists were often outside Gandhi's control; and this threat to cohesion and discipline made him very ambivalent towards wide rural participation. His relationship with India's peasantry illustrated the problems any continental leader or organisation faced in trying to accommodate ‘national’ appeals and tactics to the diverse and often specifically local needs of rural groups — an accommodation which was difficult, dangerous yet essential in some degree if nationalist movements were to be broadly based.

(i) He faced the problem of language. According to him, the Sanskrit language was so distinct from Arabic that it was very difficult to translate the ideas and principles of one language into another.

(ii) Another problem that he faced was that of tradition and religious system. He had to take the help of the Vedas and other Brahmana texts to comprehend these ideas and principles.

1. Indians could develop modernity,secularism, democratic attitude and rationality along with nationalistic
2.new social and religious reformation movement emerged
3. Indians could understand and appreciate their rich tradition

Explanation:

Given:

Speed of the electron  m/s

Magnetic Field  T

To find out:

Kinetic Energy of the electron

Solution:

We know that

Mass of an electron  kg

Charge of en electron  C

In magnetic field since the movement of the electron is perpendicular Therefore, the force acting on it will not cause any change in kinetic energy

Thus, kinetic energy is

 Joule

 Joule

 Joule

 eV     (∵ 

 eV

 KeV

The main features of the Mahajanapadas are as follow:
1. Mahajanapadas were forms of early states and were mostly ruled by kings. However there were oligarchy also known as Gana and Sanghas, where group of people shared power and were collectively known as Rajas.

2. Mahajanapadas had its own capital and it was fortified. It was where the king lived.

3. Mahajanapadas developed gradually a standing armies and bureaucracy.

4. There was the system of taxation, taxes were collected fromt the masses.

5. There developed a notion where king was supposed to come from Kshatriya, with its roles and duties.

Ahmadullah Shah was a maulvi from Faizabad. He had prophesied that the rule of the British would soon come to an end.

Money flow refers to the flow of money in terms of receipts and payments across different sectors of the economy. Flow of factor payments by producer sector to the household sector or flow of money from household sector to producer sector on account of the purchase of goods and services for consumption are examples of money flows. Real flow refers to the flow of goods and services across different sectors of the economy. Flow of factor services from household sector to the producer sector or flow of goods and services from producer sector to household sector are examples of real flows.  

Circle is x2 + y2 = 4 with centre (0, 0) and radius 2. se required area is shaded area of circle from

OR 

As circle of radius 2. so area of circle = πr² 
π x 2²= 4π 
As we need area of only 1 quadrant 

BOD (Biological oxygen demand) measures the milligrams of oxygen consumed during the biological decomposition of organic matter occurring in a litre of waste water during a specified period of time.

COD (Chemical oxygen demand) determines the milligrams of oxygen per litre of waste water which are consumed during the oxidation of the organic matter  to give carbon dioxide, ammonia

The teaching and learning of Geography has been a matter of debate amongst geographers. Some examples are:

• Whether geographical phenomena be theoretically interpreted or through historic-institutional approach;
• Whether subject matter be organised and approach to study and teach geography should be regional or systematic;
• Whether geography as a discipline should be a law making/theorising or descriptive?

Aromatic carboxylic acids do not undergo Friedal-Crafts reaction because the carboxylic group is strongly deactivating and the catalyst AlCl3AlCl3 (lewis acid ) gets bonded to the carboxylic group strongly 

Most of the time, it can. Biomechanical principles can be used to modify the technique for better performances, and reduce injury. The difficulty is always to make sure that the flair of the cricketer is retained; biomechanics is not used to create robotic movements, but just to enhance the performance.

Gross is the total amount exclusive of deductions. For example, gross pay, is the total pay before tax deductions.
Gross means without deductions; total, as the amount of sales, salary, profit, etc., before taking deductions for expenses, taxes, or the like gross earnings; gross sales.

The Quit India Movement was Mahatma Gandhi’s third major movement against British rule. It was launched in 8^th August 1942 by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi at the All India Congress Session in Bombay. There is evidence that this movement was a mass movement.

I. It was the biggest civil disobedience movement for Independence.

II. After the arrest of all the major leaders in this movement, there were violent protests staged by people across India

III. While Mahatma Gandhi was jailed immediately after the launch of the movement, this did not stop the movement in any way. Younger activists launched a variety of strikes and acts of sabotage all across the country.

IV. Within the underground resistance, political leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan, who was a socialist member of the Congress, were also very active.

V. In districts such as Satara and Medinipur, claims were made for “independent” governments. For example, in Satara in 1943, some of the younger leaders set up their own parallel government.

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

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Mukesh is the son of a poor bangle-maker of Firozabad where every other family is engaged in making bangles. His poor father has failed to renovate his house or send his two sons to school. Mukesh insists on being his own master. His dream is to be a motor mechanic. He wants to drive a car. Given the conditions of existence his dream looks like a mirage amidst the dust.

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

The CBSE syllabus has been reduced but care has been taken so that the learning outcomes remain the same and the students do not miss out on learning core concepts in various subjects.

Deleted syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Chemistry

This dispute is associated with a mosque known as Babri Masjid because some Hindus believe that it was built after demolishing a temple of Lord Rama which was birth place of Lord Rama. The mosque was locked as per court orders in late 1940s. The Faizabad District Court in 1986 ordered to unlock the Babri Masjid premises as for Hindu to offer prayers at the site which they considered as temple. In opposition to this Muslim organisations had tried to mobilise their communities. This large scale mobilisation led to surcharged atmosphere and many instances of communal violence and ultimately ended with the demolition of Babri Mosque in December 1992 by Karsevaks.

A major development was the order by the Faizabad district court in February 1986. The court ordered that the Babri Masjid premises be unlocked so that Hindus could offer prayers at the site which they considered as a temple. A dispute had been going on for many decades over the mosque known as Babri Masjid at Ayodhya. The Babri Masjid was a 16th century mosque in Ayodhya, built by Mir Baqi, a general of Mughal emperor Babur. Some Hindus believe that it was built after demolishing a temple for Lord Rama in what is believed to be his birth place. The dispute took the form of a court case and has continued for many decades. In the late 1940s, the mosque was locked up as the matter was with court.

As soon as the Babri Masjid was opened mobilisation started on both sides. Many Hindu and Muslim organisations tried to mobilise their communities. Suddenly this local dispute became a major national issue and led to communal tensions. The BJP made this issue its major electoral and political plank. Along with many other organisations like the Rashtriya Swemsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), it convened a series of symbolic and mobilisational programmes. This large scale mobilisation led to surcharged atmosphere and many instances of communal violence. The BJP, in order to generate public support, took out a massive march called the Rathyatra from Somnath in Gujarat to Ayodhya in UP.

In December 1992, the organisations supporting the construciton of the temple had organised a Karseva, meaning voluntary service by the devotees, for building the Ram temple. The situation had become tense all over the country and especially at Ayodhya. The Supreme Court had ordered the State government to take care that the disputed site will not be endangered.
But on 6 December 1992, thousands of people gathered from all over the country at Ayodhya and demolished the mosque. This news led to clashes between the Hindus and Muslims in many parts of the country. The violence in Mumbai erupted again in January 1993 and continued for over two weeks. The events at Ayodhya led to a series of other developments.