Lohiya advocated Chouburja Rajneeti in which he opines four pillars of politics as well as socialism: Centre, Region, District and Village – all are linked with each other. Giving consideration to affirmative action, Lohiya argued that the policy of affirmative action should not only be for the downtrodden but also for the women and the non-religious minorities. Based on the premise of Democratic Socialism and Chouburja Rajneeti, Lohiya supported a ‘Party of Socialism’ as an attempt of merging all political parties. The Party of Socialism according to Lohiya should have three symbols, viz., Spade [prepared to make efforts], Vote [power of voting], and Prison [Willingness to make sacrifices].

Economic Reforms:

Economic reforms or structural adjustment is a long term multi dimensional package of various policies (Liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation) and programme for the speedy growth, efficiency in production and make a competitive environment. Economic reforms were adopted by Indian Govt. in 1991.

Factor’s responsible for Economic reforms.

1. Fall in foreign exchange reserve : as imports grew faster than exports
2. Adverse balance of payments resulted repayment crisis
3. Mounting fiscal deficit as govt. expenditure grew faster than revenue
4. Rise in prices, which has the negative impact on Investment.
5. Failure of public enterprises:- very low return on high Investment
6. Gulf crisis increases crude oil prices which negatively affected BOP.
7. High rate of deficit financing
8. Collapse of soviet block.

New Economic Policy:- It refers to economic reforms introduced since 1991 to improve the productivity and profitability of economy and to make it globally competitive.

Measures of New Economic policy

Stabilisation measures: These are short run measures introduced by Govt to control rise in price, adverse balance of payment and fall in foreign ex-change reserve.

Structural adjustment: These are long run policies, aimed at improving the efficiency of the economy and increasing its international competiveness by removing the rigidity in various segment of the Indian economy.

In the new economic policy 1991, Structural reforms can be seen with respect to.
1. Liberalisation.
2. Privatisation
3. Globalisation.

For more click on the given link:

<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/blog/economic-reform-since-1991-class-11-notes-economics/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://mycbseguide.com/blog/economic-reform-since-1991-class-11-notes-economics/&ved=2ahUKEwiKv_ar-7XtAhWIzzgGHUcGAVYQFjABegQIAxAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Economic Reform Since 1991 class 12 Notes Economics</a>

Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is an indicator used by the experts to measure the number of people dying prematurely due to a particular disease. This also includes the number of years spent by them in a state of disability due to various diseases. India bears a frightening 20 % of the GBD. More than half of the GBD is accounted by communicable diseases such as diarrhea, malaria and tuberculosis. 

We call Mahabharata as dynamic text because of following reasons:
1. The growth of the Mahabharata did not stop with the Sanskrit version
.2. Over the centuries, versions of the epic were written in a variety of languages through an ongoing process of dialogue between peoples, communities, and those who wrote the texts.
3. Several stories that originated in specific regions or circulated amongst certain people found their way into the epic.
4. The central story of the epic was often retold in different ways.

5. Episodes were depicted in sculpture and painting. They also provided themes for a wide range of performing arts - plays, dance and other kinds of narrations.

Marketing is called a social process due to its concern for the long-term welfare of society. Apart from the customer satisfaction, it pays attention to the social, ethical and ecological aspects of marketing. 

 मन्दिर में कई सभागारों का निर्माण करवाया गया था। सभागारों का प्रयोग विभिन्न प्रकार के कार्यों के लिए किया जाता था।

कुछ सभागारों में संगीत, नृत्य और नाटकों के विशेष कार्यक्रमों को देखने के लिए देवताओं की मूर्तियों को रखा जाता था। कुछ अन्य सभागारों में देवी-देवताओं के विवाह समारोहों का आयोजन किया जाता था तो कुछ का प्रयोग देवी-देवताओं को झूला झुलाने के लिए किया जाता था।

Nationalism holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-determination), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power (popular sovereignty). The Nationalist Movement is a Mississippi-founded white nationalist organization with headquarters in Georgia that advocates what it calls a "pro-majority" position. It has been called white supremacist by the Associated Press and Anti-Defamation League, among others.

Composition of Constituent Assembly

• Initially, the number of members was 389. After partition, some of the members went to Pakistan and the number came down to 299. Out of this, 229 were from the British provinces and 70 were nominated from the princely states.
• Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first temporary chairman of the Constituent Assembly. Later, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President and its Vice President was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee. BN Rau was the constitutional advisor.

India is a sovereign nation because it is free from any kind or form of foreign interference or internal pressures in its domestic affairs.

India is a secular nation. This is because the state has no official religion. Citizens are free to profess, propagate or practice any religion.

Insertional inactivation is a technique used in recombinant DNA technology. In this procedure, a bacteria carrying recombinant plasmids or a fragment of foreign DNA is made to insert into a restriction site inside a gene to resist antibiotics, hence causing the gene to turn non-functional or in an inactivated state.

An example of this is a pUC19 plasmid vector in which the lacZ gene that encodes for beta-galactosidase can no longer be produced upon the insertion of a foreign gene. Selection or screening is a fundamental process in which once the recombinant DNA is inserted into a particular host cell, it becomes necessary to detect the cells that have received the recombinant or foreign DNA molecules.

This process is referred to as screening or selection. It is based on non-expression or expression of certain traits or characteristics. Insertional inactivation is an effective method of screening. In this procedure, one of the genetic characteristics is disturbed by the introduction of foreign DNA. One of the most influential selection methods of recombinant plasmid for the insertional inactivation procedure is a method known as ‘Blue-white’ selection method.

Agrarian Structure

Depends upon the land holdings amount of land a person holds.

There is unequal distribution of land some people have lots of land and some people don’t have any.

The agriculture structure is how the land holdings have been distributed among people.

Types of Landholdings:

1. Large Landers: Own large amount of land, earlier known as zamindars.

2. Medium landowners Small landowners: Have small amount of land and can make a profit.

3. Marginal landowners: These along with small family grow just enough for consumption of their family and do not have enough land to get surplus to sell in the market.

4. Landless landowners: Have no land of their own, work for others.

5. Tenants: Take land on rent and give the landowner a share of the profit.

Positions of women

Woman’s position is low, they can’t own land.

Women are usually excluded from ownership of land, because of the prevailing patrilineal kinship system and mode of inheritance.

They have equal property rights as the son but they are woman or they are scared to voice their oppose.

Class and Caste Structure in Rural Areas

Interrelated

Upper caste were considered to be upper class. But the issue in rural areas is complex

Brahm.ins are the top most caste but not necessarily the wealthiest. The kshatriyas are upper caste as well as upper class.

Dominant Caste

After independence, land reforms introduced land ceiling. It set a limit of land holding by each individual.

Large land owners sold away their land to medium land owners as they moved to urban areas to set up factories.

Proprietary Caste

Upper caste, rich people, large and mediums land owners controlled the resources and labour force in that particular areas.

Begar-bonded Labourers: were illiterate and did not know how to do any skilled work.

The molar conductivity of a solution at infinite dilution is known as limiting molar conductivity. In other words, When the concentration of the electrolyte approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as limiting molar conductivity.