Land reform means equity in agriculture, which also means the shift in the ownership of landholdings. Land reform normally relates to the redistribution of land from the rich to the poor. More deeply, it involves control of operation, ownership, sales, leasing, and inheritance of land. In a country like India with vast deficiency and irregular arrangement, of land, with a huge mass of the rural people below the poverty line, there are captivating economic and political disputes for land reform.

Kshatriya (from Sanskrit kṣatra, "rule, authority") is one of the four varna (social orders) of Hindu society, associated with warriorhood. The Sanskrit term kṣatriyaḥ is used in the context of Vedic society wherein members were organised into four classes: brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya and shudra. The administrative machinery in the Vedic India was headed by a tribal king called Rajan whose position was not hereditary. The king was elected in a tribal assembly (called Samiti) which included women. The Rajan protected the tribe and cattle; was assisted by a priest; and did not maintain a standing army, though in the later period the rulership appears to have risen as a class. The concept of the fourfold varna system is not yet recorded

Coordination is a continuous process by which a manager integrates the inter-related activities of different departments in order to achieve the common organisational goals.

Objectives of Management Objectives can be classified into organisational, social or personal
(i) Organisational Objectives
(a) Survival It exists for a long time in the competition market.
(b) Profit It provides a vital incentive for the continued successful operations.
(c) Growth Success of an organisation is measured by growth and expansion of activities.
(ii) Social Objectives Involves creation of benefit for society.
(iii) Personal Objectives Objectives of employees like good salary, promotion, social recognition, healthy working conditions.

From the early centuries, the grants of land were recorded in inscriptions. Some inscriptions were recorded in copper plates. The records that have survived, give us the following facts:

• The land grants were given to religious institutions or to Brahmanas. The Brahmanas were usually exempted from paying land revenue and other due to the king. The Brahmanas were . often given the right to collect these
  dues from the local people.
• Women were not supposed to have independent access to resources like land. But aristocrat women like Prabhavati Gupta, daughter of Chandragupta II had access to lands.
• All the people in rural areas had to obey the new land of the village and pay him all the taxes.
• Some historians claim that land grants were indicative of weakening political power, as kings were loosing control over their samantas. Sometimes, kings tried to win allies by making grants of land.
• Land grants provide some insight into the relationship between cultivators and the state.
• The system of trade from 600 BCE to 600 CE can be explained in the following ways:
  • Land and river routes criss-crossed the sub-continent and extended in different directions from the 6th century BCE. The ruler tried to control these routes by offering protection for a price.
  • These different routes were transversed by the peddlers who travelled on foot. But the merchants travelled with caravans of bullock carts and pack-animals.
  • There were seafearers. Their ventures
    were risky but highly profitable.
  • Successful merchants, designated as Manattuvan in Tamil and Setthis and Satavahanas in Prakrit w’ere very rich.
  • A wide range of goods were carried from one place to another. These were salt, grain, cloth, metal ores and finished products, stone, timber, medicinal plants, spices and pepper and textiles. All these were transported across the Arabian sea to the Mediterranean.

The rules about the gotra are as follows:

Women were expected to give up their father’s gotra and adopt their husband’s gotra on marriage.
Members of the same gotra could not marry.

Interval Training Method It is a type of training that involves a series of low to high-intensity exercise workouts interspersed with rest of relief periods. The high-intensity periods are typically at or close to ahaerobic exercise, while the recovery periods involve activity of lower intensity.

1)  The first sentence refers to the fact that Sadao's father considered the islands which lay yonder or beyond were the stepping stones to Japan's future. This means that Japan had to explore its options outside of the country and produce talent well-acquainted with the world to put Japan on the global map. 

2) No one has the reigns to a person's future apart from the person himself. Our future depended on how we chose to make our lives and the decisions we took. Just as Sadao knew that his education was the most important thing in his life to be what his father wished him to be. He went to America at the age of twenty-two to learn all that could be learned of surgery and medicine. He came back at thirty before his father died not only as a famous surgeon but also as a scientist. He had participated in the process of shaping his future rather than take the tide take its course. 

Expenditure regarding on the job training is a source of human capital formation as a return of such expenditure in the form of enhanced labour productivity is more than the cost of it.

“सहकारी संघवाद” को संदर्भित करने वाले प्रमुख कार्य निम्लिखित हैं –

• राष्ट्रीय उद्देश्यों को दृष्टिगत रखते हुए राज्यों की सक्रिय भागीदारी के साथ राष्ट्रीय विकास प्राथमिकताओं, क्षेत्रों तथा रणनीतियों का एक साझा दृष्टिकोण विकसित करना.
• सशक्त राज्य ही सशक्त राष्ट्र का निर्माण कर सकता है इस तथ्य की महत्ता को स्वीकारते हुए राज्यों के साथ सतत आधार पर संरचनात्मक सहयोग की पहल और तन्त्र के माध्यम से सहयोगपूर्ण संघवाद (federalism) को बढ़ावा देना

• ग्रामीण स्तर पर विश्वसनीय योजना तैयार करने के लिए तन्त्र (mechanism) विकसित करना.
• आर्थिक प्रगति के लाभों से वंचित समाज के वंचित वर्गों पर विशेष ध्यान केन्द्रित करना.
• रणनीतिक और दीर्घकालिक नीति की रूपरेखाओं का निर्माण तथा उनकी प्रगति एवं क्षमताओं की निगरानी करना.
• राष्ट्रीय एवं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विशेषज्ञों, पेशेवरों तथा अन्य हितधारकों के एक सहयोगात्मक समुदाय के माध्यम से ज्ञान, नवाचार और उद्यमिता समर्थन प्रणाली का सृजन करना.

The images in the poem, ‘Keeping Quiet’, which show that the poet condemns violence are, that he is totally against alienation among communities, races and violence. The poet is against chemical and nuclear wars which leave no survivors. He wants to bring all the destructive activities to a standstill.

Sadao’s education was his father’s chief concern. For this reason he had sent Sadao to America to learn all that could be learned about surgery and medicine. Before his death he had seen Sadao become famous not only as a surgeon but as a scientist.

Sadao’s father was an ambitious person. He wanted to make his son only a famous doctor. Therefore, he sent Sadao to America to attain higher education. Sadao mastered the art of healing wounds. Sadao came to his father’s expectations when he became a successful surgeon and a famous scientist.

- We have,
No. of Teams = 17 = N No. of Matches = N-1 = 16 Total no. of Byes = 2ⁿ – 17 = 32-17 = 15 = B Upper Half No. of Teams = (N+1)/2 = 9 No. of Byes = (B-1)/2 = 8

Lower Half No. of Teams = (N-1)/2 = 8 No. of Byes = (B+1)/2 = 9
1ST ROUND 2ND ROUND 3RD ROUND FINAL
1. A (BYE) 2. B (BYE) 3. C (BYE) 4. D (BYE) 5. E 6. F 7. G (BYE) 8. H (BYE) 9. I (BYE) 10. J (BYE) 11. K (BYE) 12. L (BYE) 13. M (BYE) 14. N (BYE) 15. O (BYE) 16. P (BYE) 17. Q (BYE)
E
A C
G
I
K
L
N P
C
K
G
P
C
P
P (WINNER)

Depository is an institution or organisation, which holds securities (e.g. shares, debentures, bonds, etc) in electronic form, in which trading is done.
Depositories provide following services:
(i) Maintain records of shareholding in electronic form.
(ii) Enable deposit and withdrawal of securities to and from the depository through the process of dematerialisation and rematerialisation.
(iii) Effect the transfer of securities traded in the depository mode on a stock exchange.

Packaging refers to the process of designing the product’s package such as container, wrapper, etc.
Functions of Packaging :

1. Product Identification                                                                                                      The package of a product helps the customer to easily identify the product in the market, e.g. Red Label tea in a red colour packing, Taj Mahal tea in blue box pack, etc.
2. Product Protection                                                                                                           The package of a product protects it from spoilage, breakage, pilferage, leakage, damage, etc. e.g. oil in plastic bottles.
3. Facilitating use of the Product                                                                                         The package of a product helps the consumer to open, handle and use the product more conveniently, e.g. toothpaste tubes, handwash soap dispenser, etc.
4. Product Promotion                                                                                                            An attractive package attracts the attention of people and at the same time, provides detailed information about the product, e.g. ferrero rocher chocolates.

The fine purple and gold packaging is meant to portray the rich and creamy taste of Cadbury chocolate.

1. In order to issue the shares at a price less than the face value, the company has to get permission from the relevant authority. For seeking permission, they should call and upon a general meeting and discuss and authorize the matter in that meeting.
2. There is a cap on the rate of discount. A company cannot issue any shares at more than 10% discount.
3. The company should issue the shares within 60 days of receiving permission from the relevant authority. In certain cases, the company can extend this time frame after getting permission in the permission.
4. The company cannot issue these shares before passing of 1 year from the date of commencement of business.
5. The shares must belong to the same class of shares which are already available in the market. For example, if the has previously issued Equity shares then this time also, the company has to issue Equity shares only.
6. Also, the company has to acquire the sanction by the Central Government after getting approval from the general meeting.

Inscriptions are the engravings on solid objects such as metal and stone tablets, rocks, pillars etc. Such inscriptions provide historians and historiographers with invaluable data about rulers, the extent of their empires, major events, political conditions, religious and cultural practices etc. They mention the places where the events took place and sometimes discuss their causes and effects. Statements about events are made in future tense, although they were recorded much after the happening of the events. Thus inscriptions and coins become very important to reconstruct early Indian history.

The carbonyl group is basically a polar group, that is the carbon-oxygen double bond is polarised due to higher electronegativity of oxygen relative to carbon. This is why aldehyde, containing the carbonyl as the principal functional group are polar in nature. Both aldehydes (R−CHO) and ketones(RCOR′) contain a C=O bond. Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon draws the electron density towards it which creates a slight positive charge over the less electronegative carbon atom and negative charge over the more electronegative oxygen atom. This creates a net dipole moment pointing from carbon towards oxygen and thus makes the compound polar.