Gauss"s Theorem: It states that net electric flux diverging normally from a closed surface is equal to 1/ε₀ times the net charge enclosed by the surface.

Let electric charge be uniformly distributed over the surface of a thin, non-conducting infinite sheet. Let the surface charge density(i.e., charge per unit surface area) be . We have to calculate the electric field strength at any point distant r from the sheet of charge. To calculate the electric field strength near the sheet, we now consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface bounded by two plane faces A and B lying on the opposite sides and parallel to the charged sheet and the cylindrical surface perpendicular to the sheet (fig) By symmetry the electric field strength at every point on the flat surface is the same and its direction is normal outwards at the points on the two plans surface and parallel to the curved surface.

Total electric flux

"Yesterday a seminar organized a seminar on the use of the chemical in vegetables in GTB  School, Shalimar Bagh.

The seminar was attended by people from consumer forum, teachers and other people from the related field.

In the seminar, there was an illustration of how the use of chemicals is disturbing the health of the people who are consuming vegetables which have been chemically treated.

The figures are bothering and disturbing, overuse of chemicals is proving to be hazardous for individuals. "

1. Disinvestment is defined as the action of a government aimed at selling or liquidating its shareholding in a public sector enterprise in order to get the government out of the business of production and increase its presence and performance in the provision of public goods and basic public services such as infrastructure, education, health, etc.
2. Funds from disinvestment would also help in reducing public debt and bring down the debt-to-GDP ratio while competitive public undertakings would be enabled to function effectively.

Disinvestment – Objectives

The main objectives of disinvestment in India are:

1. To reduce the financial burden of the sick, loss-making PSU’s on the Government
2. To improve public finances
3. To introduce competition and market discipline
4. To fund growth, social sector welfare
5. To encourage a wider share of ownership
6. To depoliticize non-essential servicesv

GDP doesn't account for externalities. 

Externalities are basically:
Positive Externality: Example: Saving commuting time due to construction of a fly-over, increases welfare, GDP as an index understates welfare. 
Negative Externality: Example: Pollution from factories, decreases welfare, GDP overstates welfare. 

Sacrificing ratio is the ratio where the old partners give their consent to forego their share of gains into the new partner. The forego (sacrifice) by a partner is equivalent to:

Sacrificing ratio is computed during the time of addition or admission of a new associate partner. It is the portion in which old partners forego their share to the new associate.

A new partner is needed to :

• Recompense the old partners for their forfeiture of share in the gains of the enterprise for which he gets in a supplement amount known as goodwill or premium

This ratio is normally given as consented among the partners which can be the old ratio, equal amount of sacrifice or a defined ratio. The difficulty appears where the ratio in which the novice partner obtains his share from the old partners is not defined. Rather, the NPSR (new profit sharing ratio) is provided. In such a scenario, the sacrificing ratio is to be functioned out by subtracting each associate partner’s new share from his old share.

What is Amorphous Solid?

An amorphous solid is that in which the constituent particles do not possess a regular three-dimensional arrangement.

Amorphous solids, lacking the three-dimensional long-range order of a <a href="https://byjus.com/chemistry/crystal-structure/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(115, 173, 33); text-decoration-line: none; user-select: initial !important;">crystalline material</a>, possess a more random arrangement of molecules, exhibit short-range order over a few molecular dimensions, and have physical properties quite different from those of their corresponding crystalline states.

Properties of Amorphous Solids

Amorphous solid are sometimes described as supercooled liquid because their molecules are arranged in a random manner somewhat as in liquid state.

1. Lack of long-range order

Amorphous Solid does not have a long-range order of arrangement of their constituent particles. However, they may possess small regions of orderly arrangement. These crystalline parts of an otherwise amorphous solid are known as crystallites.

2. No sharp melting point

An amorphous solid does not have a sharp melting point but melts over a range of temperatures. For example, glass on heating first softens and then melts over a temperature range. Glass, therefore, can be moulded or blown into various shapes. Amorphous solid does not possess the characteristic heat of fusion.

3. Conversion into crystalline form

Amorphous solid, when heated and then cooled slowly by annealing, becomes crystalline at some temperature. That is why glass objects of ancient time look milky because of some crystallization having taken place.

Examples of Amorphous Solids

Examples of amorphous solids are glasses, ceramics, gels, polymers, rapidly quenched melts and thin-film systems deposited on a substrate at low temperatures. The investigation of amorphous materials is a very active area of research. Despite enormous progress in recent years our understanding of amorphous materials still remains far from complete. The reason is the absence of the simplifications associated with periodicity.

Nonetheless, from a comparison of the properties of materials in crystalline and an amorphous state the essential features of the electronic structure and thereby also macroscopic properties are determined by short-range order. Thus these properties are similar for solids in the amorphous and crystalline state.

Some examples of amorphous solids are glass, rubber, pitch, many plastic etc. Quartz is an example of a crystalline solid which has regular order of the arrangement of SiO₄ tetrahedra. If quartz is melted and the melt is cooled rapidly enough to avoid crystallization an amorphous solid called glass is obtained.

Amorphous Solids are Isotropic

Amorphous solids are isotropic. That is, they exhibit uniform properties in all directions. The thermal and electrical conductivities, coefficient of thermal expansion and refractive index of an amorphous solid have the same value in whatever direction the properties are measured.

Any given crystalline solid can be made amorphous by the very rapid cooling of its melt or by freezing its vapour. This does not allow the particles to arrange themselves in a crystalline pattern.. When quartz the crystalline form of SiO2 is melted and then rapidly cooled, an amorphous solid known as quartz glass or silica glass results. This material has the same composition SiO2 but lacks the molecular level orderliness of quartz. Amorphous form of metal alloys are obtained when thin films of melted metal are rapidly cooled. The resulting metallic glasses are strong, flexible and much more resistant to corrosion than the crystalline alloys of the same composition.

Acetylation is a chemical reaction in which a hydrogen atom is substituted for an acetyl group (CH₃C=O group) in a compound. The products formed in acetylation reactions typically have an acetoxy functional group. When the hydrogen atom belonging to an alcohol group replaced with an acetyl group in an acetylation reaction, an ester is formed as the product. For such reactions (where the reactant compound contains free hydroxyl groups), the most commonly used acetylating agent is acetic anhydride. 

Paid-up share capital According to Section 2(64) of the Companies Act, 2013, ‘paid-up share capital’ or ‘share capital paid-up’ means the amount that the shareholder has paid and the company has received against the amount ‘called up’ against the shares towards share capital.

AAPHER stands for American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation . Various AAHPER youth fitness test items included are as follows:

1)Pull-ups (Boys) / Flexed – Arm Hang (Girls)

Pull-ups (Boys)

The bar is hung at a height where students can freely hang off the floor. With the overhand grip, the student should raise his body until his chin is over the bar and lower it again to the starting position with his arms fully extended. Swinging, Knee bend is not allowed. One point is scored each time the student completes a pull up.

Flexed – Arm Hang (Girls)

The height of bar should be adjusted to the standing height of the subject. The student grasp the bar with overhand grip. She then raises her body off the floor with the help of assistant to a position where the chin is above the bar. Now the subject holds the ‘hang’ position as long as possible. The stop watch is started when subject assumes starting position and stopped when the chin touches the bar.

2) Flexed – Leg Sit – ups

The student lies flat on the back with knees bent and feet on the floor. The angle of knees is 90 degree. Fingers are interlocked behind the neck with elbows touching the floor. The feet are held by a partner. The student then curls up to a sitting position and touches the elbows to the knees. This exercise is repeated as many times as possible in 60 seconds (1 minute).

3) Shuttle Run

The student stands at one of the lines. On the signal ‘go’ he runs, takes the block one and returns to the starting line, and places the block behind that line, he then returns to the second block, which is carried across the starting line on the way back. Two trials are permitted.

4)Standing Long Jump

The student stands behind the take-off line with feet several inches apart. He then jumps forward by bending knees and swinging arms backward. Three trials are permitted. Measurement is from the closest heel mark to the take-off line.

5)50 yard Dash

After a short warm-up, the student takes a position behind the starting line. On signal ‘go’ the student runs across the finish line. One trial is permitted.