Consider two points A and B separated by a small distance dx in an electric field.

Since dx is small, the electric field E is assumed to be uniform along AB. The force acting on a unit positive charge at A is equal to E.

Now, the work done in moving a unit positive charge from A to B against the electric field is dW=−E×dx.

The negative sign shows that the work is done against the direction of the field. Since the work done is equal to potential difference dV between A and B then dV=−E×dx or E=−dV​/dx

Thus, the electric field at a point is the negative of the potential gradient at that point.

“The grandeur of the dooms” means the magnificence that we imagine for our mighty dead forefathers on the Doom’s Day.
The grandeur of doom refers to the monuments we erect to honour the 'mighty dead'. These monuments which honour men who are no more, are symbols of mighty sacrifice and greatness, and in such dedications mortal man passes into immortality--because their beauty captured in these monuments make them immortal and their deeds eternal.

  “The grandeur of the dooms” means the magnificence that we imagine for our mighty dead forefathers on the Doom’s Day.

N-Type Semiconductor

• Mainly due to electrons
• Entirely neutral
• I = I_h and n_h >> n_e
• Majority – Electrons and Minority – Holes

When a pure semiconductor (Silicon or Germanium) is doped by pentavalent impurity (P, As, Sb, Bi) then, four electrons out of five valence electrons bonds with the four electrons of Ge or Si.

The fifth electron of the dopant is set free. Thus the impurity atom donates a free electron for conduction in the lattice and is called “Donar“.

Since the number of free electron increases by the addition of an impurity, the negative charge carriers increase. Hence it is called n-type semiconductor.

Crystal as a whole is neutral, but the donor atom becomes an immobile positive ion. As conduction is due to a large number of free electrons, the electrons in the n-type semiconductor are the MAJORITY CARRIERS and holes are the MINORITY CARRIERS.

The quaternary sector describes the knowledge-based part of the economy, which typically includes knowledge-oriented economic sectors such as information technology; media; research and development; information-based services such as information-generation and information-sharing; and knowledge-based services such as consultation, education, financial planning, blogging, and designing.

Interest on capital is an expense to the firm and is debited to the profit and loss appropriation account. Interest is payable to the partners and hence, the partner's capital account is credited with the amount of interest. In case of loss, no interest will be allowed on capital.

This simply means that before British came into India ,India was ruled by different emperors,nawabs,rajas and princes.because of their patronise on handicrafts ,the Indian handicraft industry had acquired international reputation.when the British came India or in the beginning of British rule  made a end of princely courts due to which handicrafts started decaying.

Market is a place of interaction between the buyers and sellers, producers and consumers in respect to goods and services.
Social Aspect of Market

• Interchange and interaction among people.
• It is a place where there is exchange of information and building of relationship.

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

The CBSE syllabus has been reduced but care has been taken so that the learning outcomes remain the same and the students do not miss out on learning core concepts in various subjects.

However, CBSE stated in its notification that though 30% of the syllabus has been cut from the new academic year, teachers should ensure that students understand these topics so that they can use the information in connection with other topics.

Deleted syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Physics

The format of a letter to the editor of a Newspaper is as follows –
1. Sender’s address: The address and contact details of the sender are written here. Include email and phone number, if required or if mentioned in the question.
2. Date: The date is written below the sender’s address after Leaving one space or line.
3. Receiving Editor’s address: The address of the recipient of the mail i.e. the editor is written here.
4. Subject of the letter: The main purpose of the letter forms the subject. It must be written in one line. It must convey the matter for which the letter is written.
5. Salutation (Sir / Respected sir / Madam)
6. Body: The matter of the letter is written here. It is divided into 3 paragraphs as follows -
Paragraph 1: Introduce yourself and the purpose of writing the letter in brief.
Paragraph 2: Give a detail of the matter.
Paragraph 3: Conclude by mentioning what you expect from the editor. (For example, you may want him to highlight the issue in his newspaper / magazine).
7. Complimentary Closing
8. Sender’s name, signature and designation(if any)

Sample Letter to the Editor

Q1. You are Radha G, member of NGO AWAAZ. Write a letter to the editor of a national daily for a public movement to clean the Yamuna river. (You must introduce yourself, describe how the people are to be blamed for polluting the river and suggest the need for installing water treatment plant to clean the river).

A.
33, Jal Vihar
Wazirabad, New Delhi - 33

Dated: 17 July 2017

The Editor
Hindustan Times
New Delhi.

Subject: Need for people’s movement for a clean Yamuna

Dear Editor

I am Radha G, member of NGO AWAAZ. I am writing to you in order to highlight the deteriorating condition of river Yamuna.
The city of Delhi is getting contaminated water from river Yamuna. The residents are to be blamed for this. They pollute the river with garbage, sewage and filth. The river water is full of bacteria, plastic, chemicals and other waste materials. It is unfit for consumption.
The people have been demanding a Water Treatment plant. The authorities have not yet responded to the repeated requests.
I request you to highlight the problem in your newspaper and arouse public interest. We all need to get together in order to get the plant set up in the area.

Thank You
Yours sincerely

Radha G

Reform movements seek to change something specific about the social structure. Examples include anti-nuclear groups, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), and the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC). Revolutionary movements seek to completely change every aspect of society. These would include Cuban 26th of July Movement (under Fidel Castro), the 1960s counterculture movement, as well as anarchist collectives. 

Increasing participation of the people in the democratic politics of the country is broadly characterized as a democratic upsurge. Based on this principle, social scientists have characterized three democratic upsurges in the post-independence history of India. The ‘First Democratic Upsurge’ could be attributed from the 1950s till 1970s which was based on the participation of Indian adult voters to the democratic politics both at the centre and in states. Falsifying the western myth that the success of democracy requires modernization, urbanization, education and access to media, the successful holding of elections to both Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies all across states on the principle of parliamentary democracy were the testimony of India’s first democratic upsurge.

The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, starting with protests in Tunisia. The Arab Spring is a movement in the Middle East that aims to end authoritarian rule and corruption, while trying to gain democracy and economic opportunity.

Gandhiji believed that any struggle can be successful only when masses will support it. For participating in any movement masses must known the aim of movement. In India through local languages or mother tongue, communication with public could be done easily. So, Gandhiji advised nationalist to use mother tongue.

In addition, he believed that masses will felt more connected to movement when there will be communication in mother tongue. Gandhiji believed that mother tongue will play an adhesive role in dividing society and will help in bringing masses at single platform. Englishmen during these years believed that their language is superior than other language. Use of Indian language for communication by every Indian will change this notion and alongwith this, it will boost confidence in Indian citizen that their language has its own importance. Therefore, considering all above factors Gandhiji stressed on use of mother tongue.

By enclosing the agricultural land within the fortified area of the city, the king of Vijayanagara empire gave protection to their subject. Because at the times of war enemies would not easily penetrate into the fortified walls and also not to cause any harm to the cultivable land. Thus, the situation of starvation or famine in the city can be minimized at the times of difficulty.

The Ain-i-Akbari or the "Administration of Akbar", is a 16th-century detailed document recording the administration of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar, written by his court historian, Abu'l Fazl in the Persian language. It forms Volume III and the final part of the much larger document, the Akbarnama (Account of Akbar), also by Abu'l-Fazl, and is itself in three volumes.