Composition of Constituent Assembly

• Initially, the number of members was 389. After partition, some of the members went to Pakistan and the number came down to 299. Out of this, 229 were from the British provinces and 70 were nominated from the princely states.
• Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first temporary chairman of the Constituent Assembly. Later, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President and its Vice President was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee. BN Rau was the constitutional advisor.

During 1911-21 the population record a negative growth rate. As per census 2011, Nagaland is the only Indian state which has negative growth rate of -0.58% in census 2011while Indian population grown at the rate of 17.69% from 2001 to 2011.

Rhombic sulphur (α-sulphur)

Rhombic sulphur is crystalline in nature and has octahedral shape. On heating the solution of roll sulphur in CS2 we get rhombic sulphur. It is yellow with a melting point of 385.8K and specific gravity 2.06. Rhombic sulphur cannot be dissolved in water but can be dissolved in benzene, ether, alcohol etc.

Monoclinic sulphur (β-sulphur)

When we take a dish and melt rhombic sulphur in that dish we obtain monoclinic sulphur after cooling it. In this process we make two holes in the crust and pour out the remaining liquid. After this we get colourless needle-shaped crystals of β-sulphur when the crust is removed.

FIRST – 1906, MIDDLE – 1921, FINAL STAGE - 1947

The first National Flag of India was hoisted on August 7, 1906 in the Parsee Bagan Square (Green Park), Kolkata. The flag was composed of three equal horizontal stripes of green, yellow and red. The green stripe on the top had eight white lotuses embossed in a row. The word Vande Mataram was inscribed in deep blue on the middle yellow stripe at the bottom had the sun in white on the left and the crescent and a star in white on the right. The second flag came out in 1921; Pingali Vengaiyah (an Andhra youth) prepared a flag and handed it to Gandhiji. It was in two colours, red and green representing two major communities and a large charkha extending to both the bands as a symbol of progress. Gandhiji apparently was pleased with the Flag and suggested to the youth to introduce a white stripe in the middle and superimpose the charkha in blue on it. On July 22 1947, Constituent assembly adopted a new Flag as free India’s National Flag with saffron at the top, white at the middle and green at the bottom in equal proportions and the chakra in navy blue on white stripe (Chakra which appears on the lion capital of Ashoka at Sarnath as Dharma Chakra). The diameter of the wheel (Chakra) shall be approximate to the width of the white band at the middle. The ratio of the width and length of the Flag shall ordinarily be two breadths by three lengths.

The significance of the colours is as follows: Saffron - Courage and sacrifice White - Truth and peace Green - Faith and chivalry Ratio - 3:2

Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat),

While most Harappan settlements have a small high
western part and a larger lower eastern section, there
are variations. At sites such as Dholavira and Lothal
(Gujarat), the entire settlement was fortified, and
sections within the town were also separated by walls.
 

One oogonium produce one primary oocyte.
One primary oocyte give rise to 1 functional egg or ovum.
One diploid oogonium will produce single haploid ovum at the end of oogenesis. Hence, five oogonia will produce 5 ova

1. The solid crystals are formed when the isolated atoms are brought together. Various interactions occur between the neighboring atoms.
2. At a particular interatomic spacing d, there is a proper balance between forces of attraction to form a crystal. In this process, the changes occur in the electron energy level configurations.
3. In case of a single atom, there is a single energy for an electron orbit.
4. However, when two atoms are brought close to each other, it leads to intermixing of electrons in the valence shell.
5. As a result, the number of permissible energy levels is formed, which is called an energy band.
6. Three bands are important from the conductivity point of view, which are,
7. Valence band
8. Conduction band
9. Forbidden gap or band
10. The simple energy band diagram, showing these bands is shown in the figure

1. In the normal state, the electrons involved in the covalent bonds in the crystal occupy the valence band and the conduction band is empty. Hence the electrons in the outermost shell are called valence electrons and the outermost shell is called valence shell.
2. At higher temperature, these electrons acquire energy and move to the conduction band as electron is not allowed to occupy any energy state in forbidden gap. These electrons are called free electrons.
3. For any given type of material the forbidden energy gap may be large, small or nonexistent. The classification of materials as insulators, conductors and semiconductors is mainly dependent on the widths of the forbidden energy gap.

Tipitaka literally means three baskets to hold different types of texts.
The main features of it are:

• The Vinaya Pitaka included rules and regulations for those who joined the Sangha or monastic order.
• The Sutta Pitaka included the teachings of the Buddha.
• The Abhidhamma Pitaka dealt with philosophical matters. Each pitaka comprised a number of texts.
• According to Buddhist philosophy the world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing. The world is soulless (anatta) as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it.
• Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence. It is by following the path of moderation between severe penance and self-indulgence, the human beings can rise above these worldly troubles.
• The Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin. Therefore, he advised kings and gahapatis to be humane and ethical.

The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O. group of the amino acid located three or four residues earlier along the protein sequence.

The ideal occupation of kshatriya are:

(i) Kshatriyas were expected to engage in warfare, protect people and administer justice.

(ii) They were expected to study the Vedas, get sacrifices peformed and give gifts.

• Baba Guru Nanak emphasised the importance of the worship of one God.
• He insisted that caste, creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation. His idea of liberation was based on the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.
• He used the terms nam, dan and isnan for the essence of his teaching, which actually meant right worship, welfare of others and purity of conduct.
• He gave importance to right-belief and worship, honest living and helping others.

Guru Nanak, thus, promoted the idea of equality.

Slavery in India was an established institution in ancient India by the start of the common era, or likely earlier. However, its study in ancient times is problematic and contested because it depends on the translations of terms such as dasa and dasyu. Slavery was banned in the Mauryan Empire.

Slavery in India escalated during the Muslim domination of northern India after the 11th-century after Muslim rulers re-introduced slavery to the Indian subcontinent. It became a predominant social institution with the enslavement of Hindus, along with the use of slaves in armies for conquest, a long-standing practice within Muslim kingdoms at the time. According to Muslim historians of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire era, after the invasions of Hindu kingdoms Indians were taken as slaves, with many exported to Central Asia and West Asia. Many slaves from the Horn of Africa were also imported into the Indian subcontinent to serve in the households of the powerful or the Muslim armies of the Deccan Sultanates and the Mughal Empire

• It is 700 verse Hindu scripture in Sanskrit that is part of Hindu epic Mahabharata.
• It is set in narrative framework of dialogue between Pandava prince Arjuna and his guide and charioteer Lord Krishna.
• The Bhagavad Gita presents a synthesis of the concept of Dharma, theistic bhakti, yogic ideals of moksha through jnana, bhakti, karma, and Raja Yoga and Samkhya philosophy.

Jagannatha

This was the best example of regional cultures growing around religious traditions. Jagannatha which literally translates to ‘the lord of the world’ is a name for Vishnu. This cult is found in Puri, Orissa. Till date, the local tribals make the wooden image of the deity, which suggests that the deity was originally a local god which was later identified with Vishnu.

i. The physical arrangement of the court focused on the sovereign, mirrored his status as the heart of society. 

ii. The throne gave physical form to the function of the sovereign as axis mundi. 

iii. The canopy was believed, to separate the radiance of the sun from that of the sovereign. 

iv. In court, status was determined by spatial proximity to the king. 

v. The place accorded, to a courtier by the ruler was a sign of his importance in the eyes of the emperor. 

vi. Once the emperor sat on the throne no one was permitted to move vii. After spending an hour at the jharoka, the emperor walked to the public hall of audience (diwan-i am) toconduct the primary business of his government. 

viii. State officials presented reports and made requests. 

ix. diwan-i khas to hold private audiences and discuss confidential matters. High ministers of state placed their petitions before him 

x. Occasionally, the emperor viewed the works of highly reputed artists or building plans of architects 

xi. Id, Shab-i barat and Holi  the court was full of life. Perfumed candles set in rich holders and palace walls.

The various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India are discussed below:

(i)In Kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants were worried about the high land revenue demand of the British. 

(ii)In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed. In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants started several ‘forest satyagrahas’, sometimes sending their cattle into forests without paying grazing tax. They were very much fed up with the restrictions imposed on them by the British regarding the use of forest resources. They wanted the abolition of the forest regulations.

(iii)In Sind, now in Pakistan, Muslim traders and peasants were very enthusiastic about the Khilafat call. In Bengal too, the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity and strength to the national movement.

(iv)In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to drive out corrupt mahants, supported by the British, from the gurudwaras. This movement got closely identified with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(v)In Assam, tea garden labourers, shouted “Gandhi Maharaj ki Jai”, demanded a big increase in their wages. They left the British-owned plantations amidst declarations that they were following Gandhiji’s wish. Interestingly, in the Assamese Vaishnava songs of the period the reference to Krishna was substituted by “Gandhi Raja”.

People understood Gandhiji as a kind of messiah, as someone who could help them overcome their misery and poverty. Gandhiji wished to build class unity, not class conflict, yet peasants could imagine that he would help them in their fight against zamindars, and agricultural labourers believed he would provide them land.

The kings of the Vedic times performed the following two Yajnas or sacrifices:

(i) RajsuyaYajna

(ii) Ashwamedha Yajna.

Detailed ecplanation

Rajasuya Vedic sacrifies was a royal conservation ceremony. It was a yajna or sacrifice performed by the ancient kings of India who considered themselves powerful enough to be an emperor. Rajasuya, like the ashwamedha would occur after the return of generals of the king from a successful military campaign.After conquering the kings of other kingdoms and collecting tribute from them, the general would invite the vanquished kings to attend the sacrifice ceremony. All the vanquished kings would in effect consider the performer of these sacrifices as an emperor.In case of rajasuya there is no horse involved. The generals plan their route themselves.

India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries but its relations with Russia are an important aspect of India's foreign policy. The relations during the Cold War were as given below:

(i) Economic: Russia gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro,Visakhapatnam and machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. The Soviet Union accepted Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange.

(ii) Political: The Soviet Union supported India's stand on Kashmir issue in the UN. It supported India during the war with Pakistan in 1971.

(iii) Military: India received most of its military hardware from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union entered into various agreements allowing India to jointly produce military equipment.

(iv) Culture: Hindi films and Indian culture became popular in the Soviet Union. A large number of Indian writers and artists visited the USSR.

Hints:

Invitation

Informal invite to cousin, Pooja (letter type)
• Share the feeling of happiness at the purchase
• Mention the occasion and provide details (time, place; any other specific instructions)
• Share expectations ( bring parents/ pick up xyz/ come early to help/ bring certain items etc.).