The symbol of the NAND gate is represented as a combination of AND gate and NOT gate. The Boolean expression is given as Y=A.B¯.

The truth table of a NAND gate is given below

The Principal

Visakha Valley School


City: Visakhapatnam

September 29, 2018

Subject: Issue Books For Books Bank

Sir:

Respectfully I wish to state that our class has started Books Bank in the class in order to make books easily available. With books lying on the library book-shelves, many students feel reluctant to go there and have the books issued as it is quite time consuming. Our class has taken the initiative of starting a books bank. I myself will be responsible for the issuing of books. We have developed a software to keep track of books to be issued. Our class students have contributed money to start the bank. Each student has contributed book/s to the bank. I request you to issue a few books from the school library to be kept in the bank. Our class will be totally accountable for the books borrowed. Thanking you.

Yours faithfully,

Navadeep

VI B

Legal reserve ratio refers to the minimum fraction of deposits which the banks are mandate to keep as cash themselves. The legal reserve ratio is fixed by Central bank. Legal Reserve Ratio has two components:

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)-It refers to cash reserves of Commercial Banks with the Central Bank as a percentage of their deposits.

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) refers to reserves in the form of liquid assets (including (i) cash, (ii) gold, and (iii) approved securities) with the Commercial Banks themselves, as a percentage of their total deposits.

Both CRR and SLR are fixed by the Central Bank, and both are a legal binding for the Commercial Banks. In this sense, both CRR and SLR are legal reserve ratios.

• The storm-centers of the Revolt of 1857 were −
  • Delhi,
  • Kanpur,
  • Lucknow,
  • Jhansi, and
  • Arrah in Bihar.

• राष्ट्रीय लक्ष्यों के आलोक में राज्यों की सक्रिए भागीदारी के साथ राष्ट्रीय विकास प्राथमिकता क्षेत्रों और रणनीति का साझा दृष्टिकोण विकसित करना।
• निरंतर आधार पर राज्यों के साथ संरचित समर्थन पहलों और तंत्रों के माध्यम से सहकारी संघवाद को बढ़ावा देना। इस बात को स्वीकारना की मजबूत राज्य, मजबूत राष्ट्र का निर्माण करता है।
• गांव स्तर पर विश्वसनीय योजना तैयार करने और सरकार के उच्च स्तर पर उत्तरोत्तर इनको एकत्र करने के लिए तंत्र विकसित करना।
• यह सुनिश्चित करना कि जो क्षेत्र खास तौर पर नीति आयोग को दिए गए हैं,उनमे आर्थिक रणनीति और नीतियों में राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के हितों को शामिल किया गया है।
• हमारे समाज के कुछ वर्गों, जिन पर आर्थिक प्रगति से पर्याप्त रूप से लाभान्वित न होने के का खतरा हो, पर विशेष ध्यान देना।
• रणनीतिक और दीर्धकालिक नीति एवं कार्यक्रम की रूपरेखा और पहलों का डिजाइन तैयार करना और उनकी प्रगति एवं प्रभावकारिता पर नजर रखना। निगरानी और प्रतिक्रिया से मिली सीख का प्रयोग बीच में किए जाने वाले अनिवार्य सुधारों समेत नए सुधारों में किया जाएगा।

The consensus that emerged among most political parties in India in spite of severe competition and conflicts:
(a) First, agreement of new economic policies: While many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties are in support of the new economic policies. Most parties believe that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.
(b) Second, acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes: Political parties have recognized that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. As a result all political parties now support reservation of seats for the backward classes in the education and employment. Political parties are also willing to ensure that the OBCs get adequate share of power.
(c) Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without political agreement-coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. 

(i) End of Congress system- The defeat of the Congress Party in the election of 1989 marked the end of Congress dominance over the Indian party system. It could win only 197 seats in Lok Sabha.

(ii) Rise of Mandal Issue-The Mandal Issue started with the National Front Government’s decision to implement the recommendation of Mandal Commission that jobs in the Central government should be reserved for OBCs. This led to violent anti Mandal protests in different parts of the county.

(iii) New Economic Policy-This is known as the initiation of the structural adjustment programmes. Started by Rajiv Gandhi, these changes first become visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction that the Indian economy had pursued since independence .

(iv) Demolition of Babri Masjid or Ayodhya dispute- Ayodhya dispute started with the demolition of the disputed structure of Babri Masjid at Ayodhya in December 1992. This event symbolished and triggered various changes in politics of the country and intensified debate about the nature of Indian nationalism and secularism.

(v) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi-The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to change in the leadership of the Congress. In the election of 1991, Congress emerged as the single largest party. The party chose P.V. Narsimha Raoas the Prime Minister of India .

1. In the initial years it was felt that linguistic states may foster seperatism and create pressures on newly founded nation, but India considered democracy and federalism by making a favor to linguistic states only. 
2. State Reorganization Commission was appointed in 1953 central Government to rearrange the boundaries of states. 
3. Its main recommendations were to organize states on language basis as well as the boundaries of states could reflect the linguistic aspects also. 
4. The State Reorganization Act was passed in 1956 which created 14 states and 6 union territories. 
5. Linguistic states enhanced democratic practices. 
6. Linguistic states reduced separatist attitude by accepting the regional and linguistic claims of all regions.

 (i) Most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population that human history has known. There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border. Cities like Amritsar and Kolkata divided into communal zones. People were forced to abandon their homes and move across borders, they went through immense sufferings.

 (ii) Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border, they were forced to change the religion and were forced into marriage. Many children were separated from their parents. 

 (iii) The Partition was a division of properties, liabilities and assets as well as a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus. 

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DISINTEGRATION OF USSR
The most important factor for the fall of the Soviet Union was a lack of proper leadership. There was no clear cut line between the party and government as there was one political party which was wielding power.
Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of ‘Perestroika(restructuring) and glasnost (openness); and ‘Glasnost’ proved to be disastrous for the economic health of the USSR.
Anti-communists forces of the Soviet Union had the support of the USA and Western European countries. Gorbachev due to his liberal policies did not try to uproot these forces.
No effort was ever made to create a socialist human being and a socialist culture.  

The disintegration of the Soviet Union did not make much difference for countries like India because India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries. It has still very strong and good relations with Russia which is a successor state at the international level as is clear from the following facts :

(i) Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions. Indian heroes from Rajkapoor to Amitabh Bachchan are household names in Russia and many post-Soviet countries.

(ii) Russia and India share a vision of a multipolar world order i.e., the coexistence of several powers in the international system, collective security, greater regionalism and independent foreign policy for all countries and other matters.

(iii) More than 80 bilateral agreements have been signed between India and Russia as a part ofthe Indo-Russian Strategic Agreement of 2001.

“China followed its own path in introducing a market economy”. Four suitable arguments are:-
 a. The Chinese did not go for shock therapy but opened their economy step by step. 
b. The privatization of agriculture began in 1982 and was followed by the privatization of industry in 1998. 
c. Trade barriers were eliminated only in special economic zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises. 

d. In China, the state played and continues to play a central role in setting up a market economy. 

a. While the ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, the EU, and Japan. Its economy is growing much faster than all these. This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond. 

b. ASEAN has focused on creating a “Free trade Area for investment, labour, and services. The US and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN. 

c. ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organization. Its vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflict in the region. Thus ASEAN has mediated the end of Cambodian conflict and the east Timor Crisis. 

d. The current economy strength of ASEAN, especially its economy relevance as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economy such as India and China, makes this an attractive proposition

a. While the ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, the EU, and Japan. Its economy is growing much faster than all these. This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond. 
b. ASEAN has focused on creating a “Free trade Area for investment, labour, and services. The US and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN. 
c. ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organization. Its vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflict in the region. Thus ASEAN has mediated the end of Cambodian conflict and the east Timor Crisis. 
d. The current economy strength of ASEAN, especially its economy relevance as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economy such as India and China, makes this an attractive proposition. 

(a). Israeli-India relationship has reached new heights over the last few years. 

(i) Israel is the second most important defense partner of India after Russia. 

(ii) The two nations have started cooperation in various fields like cultural exchange, security and defense, counterterrorism, space research, water and energy and agricultural development. 

(iii) Centers of Excellence that Israel has opened up, cooperation in the field of agriculture can reach new heights. 

(iv) Water Harvesting is also an area where Israel stands out as a unique partner of India.

Israeli-India relationship has reached new heights over the last few years. 
(i) Israel is the second most important defense partner of India after Russia. 
(ii) The two nations have started cooperation in various fields like cultural exchange, security and defense, counterterrorism, space research, water and energy, and agricultural development. 
(iii) Centers of Excellence that Israel has opened up, cooperation in the field of agriculture can reach new heights. 
(iv) Water Harvesting is also an area where Israel stands out as a unique partner of India.

“The South Asian experience of democracy has expanded the global imagination of democracy”. 
This statement can be explained by following examples:
People of South Asian countries participate in the aspiration of democracy. There is widespread support for democracy in all these countries. Ordinary citizens, rich as well as poor and belonging to different view the idea of democracy positively and support the institutions of representative democracy.

For example- India is the largest democratic country in the world. People of South Asian countries prefer democracy over any other system of governance and believe that democracy is suitable for their country.
For example- Initially, there was a monarchy in Nepal but at present there is democracy. 

The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.

Cuba was an ally of USSR. It received financial and diplomatic help from USSR. In 1962, the Soviet Union decided to convert Cube into Russian base and planted nuclear missiles. The President of the USA ordered the American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba in order to warn the USSR. Such turn of events brought the two countries closest to the nuclear war.

Political Consequences

• Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity i.e. by reducing the ability of government to do what they want to do.
• It gives way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order, and the security of its citizens.
• In place of the state the market becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
• Globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be unchallenged basis of political community.
• State capacity has received boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the disnosal of the state to collect information about its citizens.

 India’s Nuclear Policy:
1. India advocates no first use and reiterates India’s commitment to global verifiable on non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament loading to a nuclear weapon free world.
2. Pt. Nehru always promoted ’ science and technology to build
a modern India, i.e. initiated nuclear programme in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhoba.
3. India was against nuclear weapons, hence pleaded many nuclear disarmament with superpowers.
4. India always considered NPT as discriminatory and refused to sign on it.
5. Even India’s first Nuclear Test in May 1974 was termed as a peaceful explosion and India argued to use nuclear power for peaceful purposes only.

• Under article 352, if the president is satisfied that there exists a grave situation, wherein the security of the country is threatened on the grounds of wars, external aggression or armed rebellion, he can proclaim emergency to that effect.
• Emergency can be declared over the complete territory of India or any part thereof.
• President can declare emergency only on the written advice of the cabinet
• A special majority is required to approve an emergency resolution.
• Once approved, emergency shall operate for a maximum period of not more than six months.
• Lok Sabha has the power to disapprove the operation of national emergency at any time, if not less than 1/10th members of Lok Sabha in writing to the speaker, if house is in session, or to the president, then speaker or president as the case may be, shall convene a special session of Lok Sabha within 14 days and if such a resolution is passed, president shall revoke national emergency.

NITI Aayog aims to achieve the following Objectives:

1. To design strategic long term policy and programs.

2. To foster Cooperative federalism by involving states in the policy formulation.

Syndicate was the group of powerful leaders in the Congress Party. Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi were made Prime Minister with the support received from the Syndicate. This group had a decisive say in Indira Gandhi’s first cabinet and in policy formulation and implementation of the government. After the split in the Congress, the leaders of the Syndicate stayed with the Congress (O) but were defeated n the subsequent General Elections. 

Most of the mainstream media newspapers and magazines were under the wrath of Emergency. The scissors of censors cut through big publishers like Himmat, Janata, Frontier, Sadhana, Swarajya among many others. Some were threatened to be thrown out of publications and others were put in jail.