Poor rag-pickers like Saheb spend the early years of their lives looking for gold in garbage dumps. The parents of these street children have no fixed income. They wage war against poverty and hunger. They have no dreams except finding the means of survival. Garbage to them is gold. It is the source of their daily bread and provides a roof over their heads. He ends up as a servant at a tea-stall and loses his freedom. Mukesh, the son of a poor bangle-maker of Firozabad, has a dream of becoming a motor mechanic. He wants to learn to drive a car. He thinks of joining a garage to fulfil his dream. He knows that the garage is far away, yet he has decided to walk. He realises the reality and is willing to overcome the obstacles. His daring to rise and decision to get free from the trap laid by vicious moneylenders and middle men arouse a sense of hope.Deprived of education, proper food and upbringing, these children are forced into labour early in life

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

Deleted syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Mathematics

Non-tax revenue of the Central Government are:

• Interest receipts on loans provided to the States and Union territories.
• Dividend and profits received from public enterprises such as postal services, railways etc.

Objectives of a Government Budget. Briefly put, promoting rapid and balanced economic development with equality and social justice has been the general objective of all our policies and plans. General objectives of a government budget are as under:
(i)    Economic growth. To promote rapid and balanced economic growth so as to improve living standard of the people. Economic growth implies increasing capacity of the economy to produce more goods and services. Public welfare is the main guide.
(ii)    Reduction of Poverty and Unemployment. To eradicate mass poverty and unemployment by creating maximum employment opportunities and providing maximum social benefits to the poor. Social welfare is the single most objective of the government. Every Indian should be able to meet his basic needs like food, clothing, housing along with decent health care and educational facilities.
(iii)    Reallocation of Resources. (A 2010, D 2011) To reallocate resources in line with social and economic objectives, government has to allocate resources into areas where private sector is not coming, e.g., sanitation, water supply, rural development, education, health, etc. Moreover, government provides more funds to productive sectors and draws away resources from some other sectors to promote balanced economic growth of different regions.
(iv)    Reduction of inequalities/Redistribution of income. To reduce inequalities of income and wealth government can influence distribution of income through levying taxes on the rich and granting subsidies to poor. Government uses progressive taxation policy, i.e., high rate of tax on rich people and lower rate on lower income group. Government provides subsidies and amentities to people whose income level is low. More, emphasis is laid on equitable distribution of wealth and income. Economic progress in itself is not a sufficient goal but goal must be equitable progress.
(v)    Price Stability/Economic stability. Government can bring economic stability i.e. can control fluctuations in general price level through taxes, subsidies and expenditure. For instance when there is inflation (continuous rise in prices), govt. can reduce its expenditure and when there is depression characterised by following output and prices, govt. can reduce taxes and grant subsidies to encourage spending by people.
(vi)    Management of public enterprises. To manage, public enterprises which are of the nature of monopolies like railways, electricity, etc.

The BoP statement provides a clear picture of the economic relations between different countries. It is an integral aspect of international financial management. Now that you have understood BoP and its components, let’s look at why it is important.

To begin with, the BoP statement provides information pertaining to the demand and supply of the country’s currency. The trade data shows a clear picture of whether the country’s currency is appreciating or depreciating in comparison with other countries. Next, the country’s BoP determines its potential as a constructive economic partner. In addition, a country’s BoP indicates its position in international economic growth.

By studying its BoP statement and its components closely, a country would be able to identify trends that may be beneficial or harmful to the economy and take appropriate measures.

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फिफ्थ रिपोर्ट 1813 में ब्रिटिश संसद को प्रस्तुत की गई थी। ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के कामकाज के बारे में रिपोर्टों की श्रृंखला में इसे पांचवीं रिपोर्ट कहा गया था। पांचवीं रिपोर्ट का मुख्य मुद्दा ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी का प्रशासन और गतिविधियाँ था। इस रिपोर्ट में 1002 पृष्ठ थे। लगभग 800 पृष्ठ परिशिष्टों के रूप में थे जिनमें ज़मींदारों और दंगों की याचिकाएं, कलेक्टरों की रिपोर्ट, राजस्व रिटर्न पर सांख्यिकीय तालिका और बंगाल और मद्रास के राजस्व और न्यायिक प्रशासन पर आधिकारिक नोट शामिल थे।

रिपोर्ट के उद्देश्य: भारत में ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के कामकाज से ब्रिटेन के कई लोग खुश नहीं थे। उन्होंने भारत और चीन के साथ व्यापार को लेकर ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी द्वारा प्राप्त एकाधिकार का विरोध किया। कई ब्रिटिश व्यापारी भारत में कंपनी के व्यापार में हिस्सेदारी चाहते थे। उन्होंने इस बात पर जोर दिया कि भारतीय बाजार को ब्रिटिश मैन्युफैक्चरर्स के लिए खोला जाना चाहिए। कई राजनीतिक समूहों ने यह भी तर्क दिया कि बंगाल की विजय से केवल ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी को फायदा हुआ, न कि ब्रिटिश राष्ट्र को। उन्होंने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी द्वारा कुशासन और कुप्रवृत्ति पर प्रकाश डाला। नतीजतन, ब्रिटिश संसद ने 18 वीं शताब्दी के अंत में भारत में ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के शासन को विनियमित करने और नियंत्रित करने के लिए कई अधिनियम पारित किए

LINKAGE AND RECOMBINATION

• Morgan carried out several dihybrid crosses in Drosophila to study genes that were ***-linked.
• Morgan hybridized yellow-bodied, white-eyed females to brown-bodied, red-eyed males and intercrossed those F₁
• According to him, two genes did not segregate independent of each other and F₂ ratio deviated from 9:3:3:1. This concluded that genes are linked. This process is called linkage.
• Recombination is the rearrangement of genetic material. The generation of non-parental gene combination during dihybrid cross is called recombination. When genes are located on same chromosome, they are tightly linked and show less linkage. This is responsible for variation.

A DC generator is an electrical machine whose main function is to convert mechanical energy into electricity. When conductor slashes magnetic flux, an emf will be generated based on the electromagnetic induction principle of Faraday’s Laws. This electromotive force can cause a flow of current when the conductor circuit is closed.

A DC generator can also be used as a DC motor without changing its construction. Therefore, a DC motor, otherwise a DC generator can be generally called a DC machine. Below, we have mentioned the essential parts of a DC Generator.