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Determinism :-
1. It refers to the point of view supporting environment control on human action.
2. The determinism generally emphasis on human as a passive agent influenced by the factors determine their attitude, decision-making and life style.
3. The scholars who supported deter - minism were Greek and Roman scholar.
Possibilism :-
1. It refer to the physical environment for humans to exploit it for benefits.
2. The emphasis is firmly placed on human rather than nature.
3. Lucian Febvre and Vidal de la Blache advocated and developed system-atically the school of possibilism.
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The word hysteresis means lagging behind. The phenomenon of lagging of intensity of magnetisation (M) behind magnetic intensity (H), when a specimen of magnetic material is subjected to a cycle of magnetization is called hysteresis.
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According to Taylor, mental revolution means a complete transformation in the attitude between management and workers. Both should realize that they need each other.
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Tissue culture
- The method of growing a plant cell, tissue or an organ in an artificial nutrient medium under aseptic conditions provided with controlled conditions of light and temperature.
- Whole plant can be generated from an explant.
Importance of tissue culture-
- Large number of plants from small or single cell can be produced in short duration.
- Many important plants like tomato, appleand banana have been developed by tissue culture.
- Production of disease free varieties through meristem culture.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
Process of transcription
In prokaryotes
Transcription takes place in three steps
- Initiation
- RNA polymerase binds to promoter and initiates transcription.
- Initiation factor or sigma (σ) recognizes the promoter of the DNA.
- Elongation
- RNA polymerase facilitates opening of the helix and continues elongation.
- RNA polymerase uses nucleoside triphosphates as substrate and polymerizes in a template depended fashion following the rule of complementarity.
- Only a short stretch of RNA remains bound to the enzyme.
- Termination
- Once the polymerases reaches the terminator region RNA polymerase binds with the termination-factor (ρ) to terminate transcription.
- The nascent RNA falls off with the RNA polymerase which results in termination of transcription.
- The transcription and translation can be coupled in bacteria as the mRNA does not require any processing to become active, and also transcription and translation take place in the same compartment
In eukaryotes
- There are two additional complexities in eukaryotes.
- The first complexity is that there are at least three RNA polymerases in the nucleus.
- The RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNAs (28S, 18S, and 5.8S)
- The RNA polymerase III is responsible for transcription of tRNA, 5srRNA, and snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs).
- The RNA polymerase II transcribes precursor of mRNA, the heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).
- The second complexity is that the primary transcripts contain both the exons and the introns and are non-functional.
- Primary transcripts are subjected to a process called splicing where the introns are removed and exons are joined in a defined order.
- hnRNA undergo two additional processing called as capping and tailing.
- In capping an unusual nucleotide (methyl guanosine triphosphate) is added to the 5'-end of hnRNA.
- In tailing, adenylate residues (200-300) are added at 3'-end in a template independent manner and the fully processed hnRNA is called mRNA
- mRNA is transported out of the nucleus for translation.
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Sajid Ali 6 years, 3 months ago
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