The drainage system in Harappan cities is the best example to indicate that how very planned the towns and cities were.

On the study of the drainage system, it has been found that –

• The drainages were laid out before the construction of houses and then the houses were built along with those drains.

• Every house was supposed to have at least one wall along the street which allowed the waste domestic water to flow out into the street drains.

• The lower town planning shows that the roads and streets were laid out in a grid pattern which intersected each other at right angles.

• It also has been found that the human settlement was very much planned and the City was restricted to a fixed Area on the platform.

• Two types of bricks were used in the standard ratio where the length and breadth of the bricks were of four times and twice the height respectively.

• The two types of bricks used were - Sundry bricks and baked bricks.

In the face of the prevailing food crisis, the country was clearly vulnerable to external pressure and dependent on food aid, mainly from the USA. Which, in turn, pushed  India to change its economic policies. The government adopted a strategy for agriculture in order to ensure food sufficiency. Instead of the earlier policy of giving more support to the areas and farmers that were lagging behind, now it was decided to put  more resources into those areas which already had irrigation and those farmers who were already well off. It was argued that those who already had the capacity could help increase production rapidly in the short period. Thus, the government offered high-yielding variety seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and better irrigation at highly subsidised prices. The government also gave a guarantee to buy the produce of the farmers at a given price. This policy provided boost in agricultural production which is known green revolution.

The consequences of the Green Revolution were as given below :

Positive :
(a)There was moderate agricultural growth particulary in wheat production.

(b) It raised the availability of food in the country.

Negative :
(a)It had increased polarisation between classes and regions.

(b)The stark contrast between poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions favourable for the left-wing organisations to organise the poor peasants.

Marshall Plan : A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II. It was proposed by the United States secretary of state, General George C. Marshall.

Marshall Plan was devised by the USA which provided billions of dollars in aid to post-World War II to European countries. Its main objective was to assist in the rebuilding of infrastructure and economies of those countries which suffered due to the Second World War.

Meaning: Delegation of authority is the process of entrusting responsibility and authority, and creating accountability of the person to whom work or responsibility has been handed over.

Process: The three elements, i.e., responsibility, authority and accountability of delegation process are completed in the following serial order: Assigning Responsibility → Granting Authority → Fixing Accountability
(i) Assigning Responsibility: The first step in the delegation process is assigning responsibility. Often, no officer is capable to the extent that he can perform all activities on his own. For his successful work performance he divides the whole job. In this way, he keeps critical/crucial/significant jobs for himself and delegates the rest to his subordinates. While assigning job/responsibility to the subordinates, their capability and skill are kept in mind. For example, a finance manager keeps the job of financing for himself and delegates rest of the jobs like-Accounting, Data Collection, etc. to his subordinates.
(ii) Granting Authority: The second step in the delegation process is granting authority for successful work performance. Assigning responsibility without authority to the subordinates is meaningless. Thus, all needed authorities should be delegated for the fulfilment of a responsibility. For example, when a chief manager delegates responsibility of Purchase Department to the Purchase Manager, then he gives authority to the purchase manager like purchasing raw-material, stocking inventory, division of work among his subordinates, etc.
(iii) Fixing Accountability: The last step in the delegation process is to hold subordinates accountable for their work performance. Every subordinate is just accountable to that officer who delegates authority for the fulfilment of job/responsibility. Accountability means, justification demanded by the superior for the work performance.

In 1962, the Soviet Union decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base as USSR provided Cuba diplomatic and financial aid both. Hence, Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The US became aware of it and ordered American warships to intercept Soviet Union to remove missiles avoiding full scale nuclear war. Meanwhile the Soviet union withdrew its nuclear missiles from Cuba. The clash seemed imminent what came to be known as Cuban Missile Crisis. It was a big confrontation between the USSR and the US.

मानव विकास, स्वास्थ्य भौतिक पर्यावरण से लेकर आर्थिक, सामाजिक और राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता तक सभी प्रकार के मानव विकल्पों को सम्मिलित करते हुए लोगों के विकल्पों में विस्तार और उनके शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं तथा सशक्तीकरण के अवसरों में वृद्धि की प्रक्रिया है।
मानव विकास के चार स्तंभ-

1. समता - इसका आशय प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को उपलब्ध अवसरों के लिए समान पहुँच की व्यवस्था करना है।
2. उत्पादकता - उत्पादकता का अर्थ मानव श्रम उत्पादकता अथवा मानव कार्य केसंदर्भ में उत्पादकता है। लोगों में क्षमताओं का निर्माण करके ऐसी उत्पादकता में निरंतर वृद्धि की जानी चाहिए ।
3. सतत पोषणीयता - सतत पोषणीय मानव विकास के लिए आवश्यक है कि प्रत्येक पीढ़ी को समान अवसर मिले।
4. सशक्तीकरण - अपने विकल्प चुनने के लिए शक्ति प्राप्त करना । जैसी शक्ति बढ़ती हुई स्वतंत्रता और क्षमता से आती है। लोगों की सशक्त करने के लिए सुशासन एवं लोकोन्मुखी नीतियों की आवश्यकता होती है।

Cyclotron:

• Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged bodies to very high velocities (or high kinetic energies) using crossed (or mutually perpendicular) electric and magnetic fields
• Cyclotron is based on the independency of frequency (of rotation of charged particle) on the energy (velocity) and radius (of revolution) of charged particle. The motion of charge , electric field, and the magnetic field are mutually perpendicular(θ= 90°), so:

fc = 1/T = qB(sinθ)/(2πm) = qB/(2πm)

• Cyclotron is made up of 2 hollow metallic discs D1 and D2, semi-circular in shape and an oscillator.

The rattrap appears to be extremely glad when elda demonstrates appreciation towards him. 

On next morning when rattrap was going out he abandoned one rattrap for her and furthermore thirty kronor note and said to return it to crofter once more.

The peddler man who went around selling his self made small rattraps. he was hardworking, monotonous, lonely life of a vagabond.

Resonance by definition is a condition when capacitive and inductive reactances cancel each other, and circuit is purely resistive. So power factor of the circuit at resonance is unity.

Earlier, in 1921, Rakhal Das Banerjee and Dayaram Sahani discovered the twin cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. Soon after, excavations at the two sites brought alive certain facts: the people of Indus valley essentially had uniform city cultures with highly advanced and scientific civic planning.

Pale, weak

The new plant uses recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to produce insulin by a cell-based fermentation method. Human recombinant insulin is produced by inserting the insulin gene into a suitable vector. The most readily amenable is a non-pathogenic weakened strain of the common bacterium E. The gene for human insulin is inserted into the gap in the plasmid. This plasmid is now genetically modified. The genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new bacteria or yeast cell. This cell then divides rapidly and starts making insulin.