Environmental determinism rose to prominence in the late 19th century and early 20th century, partly through the work of human geographer Friedrich Ratzel. Ratzel collapsed society into nature through the concept of Lebensraum.

(a) Fixed Capital Account
A firm prepares Fixed Account with very basic capital related transactions. Unlike the Capital account, under these repetitive capital related transactions does not affect the Capital balance. Like, Salary of employees, commission for employees, interest on capital, interest on drawings, etc.

The firm opens the account in the name of “Fixed Capital Account”. Initial Investment will appear on the credit side as the starting entry. Only 2 kinds of Capital related transactions can affect its balance :

(1) Addition of Capital

(2) Permanent Withdrawal of Capital

(b) Current Account

It includes all the capital related transactions other than the initial investment of capital, addition of capital and withdrawal of capital. Hence, It mainly includes items such as :

1. Interest on Capital

2. Interest on Drawings

3. Salaries and other remuneration to employees

4. Commission to employees and even more.

Fixed capital account and fluctuating capital account are the terms used in the context of partnership, a partnership is a way of doing business and in case of partnership two or more person come together to start a business and shares its profit and losses in an agreed ratio. Fixed Capital Account – Under this system, the capital which is introduced by partners will remain fixed throughout the life of the partnership. ... Fluctuating capital account method is usually preferred by partners; however they can also use fixed capital account according to their business and preference.

As the anther develops, the cells of the sporogenous tissue undergo meiotic divisions to form microspore tetrads. As each cell of the sporogenous tissue is capable of giving rise to a microspore tetrad, each one is a potential pollen or microspore mother cell. The process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother cell (PMC) through meiosis is called microsporogenesis. As the anthers mature and dehydrate, the microspores dissociate from each other and develop into pollen grains. Inside each microsporangium, several thousands of microspores or pollen grains are formed that are released with the dehiscence of the anther.

Henry’s law

• Henry’s Law establishes aquantitative relation betweenpressure and solubility of a gasin a solvent.
• This law is for gas-liquid solution.
• According to the law at a constant temperature, thesolubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to thepressure of the gas.
• It can also be stated as - The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution.

Addition of a common ion to a slightly soluble salt solution will add up to the concentration of the common ion. According to Le Chatelier's Principle that will place a stress upon the slightly soluble salt equilibria. Thus, the equilibrium will shift so as to undo the stress of added common ion.

Azeotropes

• Azeotropes are binary mixturespossessing the same synthesis in fluid, vapor stage and boiling stage at a steady temperature.
• The components of azeotropic mixtures are separated by fractional distillation.
• Azeotropes can be broadly categorized into two types-

1. Minimum boiling azeotrope

The solutions showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law. For instance, solution of ethanol and water on fractional distillation results in a solution containing approximately 95% by volume of ethanol.

1. Maximum boiling azeotrope.

The solutions showing negative deviation from Raoult’s law. For instance, solution of nitric acid and water has the approximate arrangement, 68% nitric corrosive and 32% water by mass, with a breaking point of 393.5 K.

When blood cells are placed in hypertonic solution, water will move out of these cells into the surrounding solution via the process of osmosis. This will cause the blood cells to shrink /shrivel. If the cell was placed in isotonic solution, it would be in equilibrium and nothing would happen.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services manufactured in a time frame, often yearly or quarterly. Nominal GDP evaluates are commonly utilized to decide the economic performance of a whole country or region and to make international comparisons.

GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, contemplate differences in the cost of living and inflation rates of the nations; hence using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is possibly more functional when contrasting differences in living standards between countries.

Darwin Darwin had the following ideas regarding the theory of natural selection:

• Species keep on evolving or changing with time. As the environment changes, the requirements of an organism also change and they adapt to the new environment. This phenomenon of changing over a period of time as per the natural requirements is called adaptation.
• As per Darwin’s theory, only the higher changes are naturally selected and the lower ones are eliminated. Thus, not all the adaptations contribute to a progressive evolution. For example, people living in tropical countries have more melanin in their body to protect them from the sunlight.
• Almost all organisms share common ancestry with some organism. According to Darwin, all organisms had one common ancestor at some point in time and kept on diverging ever since. His evolutionary theories support the convergent theory and divergent theory of evolution with examples.
• He also studied that the birds of Galapagos Island (Darwin’s finches) developed different beaks as per the availability of the food. This proved adaptive radiation. Similarly, he also observed the Australian Marsupials which showed a number of marsupials emerging from an ancestor.
• According to Charles Darwin, evolution is a very slow and gradual process. He concluded that evolution took place over a very long period of time. As we talk about the time period in evolution we usually refer to billions of years. The generation of a species from another takes a long period of time. It is a very steady process as the changes and adaptation take a long time to stabilize and give rise to a new species.

Surgical instruments and other material or equipment that will contact the surgical site must be sterile prior to use. The process of sterilization kills all forms of life, including bacterial spores and viruses.

The Van’t Hoff factor offers insight on the effect of solutes on the colligative properties of solutions. It is denoted by the symbol ‘i’. The Van’t Hoff factor can be defined as the ratio of the concentration of particles formed when a substance is dissolved to the concentration of the substance by mass.

The extent to which a  substance associates or dissociates in a solution is described by the Van’t Hoff factor. For example, when a non-electrolytic substance is dissolved in water, the value of i is generally 1. However, when an ionic compound forms a solution in water, the value of i is equal to the total number of ions present in one formula unit of the substance.

For example, the Van’t Hoff factor of CaCl₂ is ideally 3, since it dissociates into one Ca²⁺ ion and two Cl^– ions. However, some of these ions associate with each other in the solution, leading to a decrease in the total number of particles in the solution.

In 1912, Harappan seals with then unknown symbols were discovered by J. Fleet, which triggered an excavation campaign under Sir John Marshall in 1921/22, resulting in the discovery of a hitherto unknown civilization by Dayaram Sahni. Houses were built on either side of the roads and streets. Drainage System: The drainage system of the Harappan cities was the best known to the world in ancient times. The brickwork prevented the dirty water from leaking. Most of the houses had a central courtyard, a well, a bathing area and a kitchen.

In electrostatics, the permeability is the measure of the ability of the material to allow the formation of magnetic lines of force or magnetic field within. It speaks on the ability of magnetization that a material possesses for the applied magnetic field. In simpler words, we can define magnetic permeability as “the extent to which magnetic field lines can enter substance.” or “The power of conducting magnetic field lines by a substance.” It is denoted by the Greek alphabet μ.