The protozoans like the Amoeba are considered as immortal because they divide by binary fission. During this type of asexual reproduction, there is distribution of the parent body into two daughter cells. The parental identity gets lost in the case of binary fission.

Haemophilia is a ***-linked recessive disease.
• More males than females are affected
• Affected sons are usually born to unaffected
mothers, thus the trait skips generations
• Approximately 1/2 of carrier mothers’ sons are affected
• It is never passed from father to son
• All daughters of affected fathers are carriers.

All these characters are being satisfied in this case. So the disease is a ***-linked recessive trait as evident from the pedigree chart analysis.

Electric potential energy is defined as the total potential energy a unit charge will possess if located at any point in the outer space.

 If two charges q1 and q2 are separated by a distance d, the electric potential energy of the system is;

U = 1/(4πεo) × [q1q2/d]

Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is usually associated with physical growth delays, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features.

Economic reforms were introduced in the year 1991 in India to combat economic crisis. Economic Crisis of 1991 was a culminated outcome of the policy failure in the preceding years. It was in that year the Indian government was experiencing huge fiscal deficits, large balance of payment deficits, high inflation level and an acute fall in the foreign exchange reserves. Moreover, the gulf crisis of 1990-91 led to an acute rise in the prices of fuel which further pushed up the inflation level. Because of the combined effect of all these factors, economic reforms became inevitable and were the only way to move Indian economy out of this crisis.

The following are the factors that necessitated the need for the economic reforms.

1. Huge Fiscal Deficit: Throughout 1980s, fiscal deficit was getting worse due to huge non-development expenditures. As a result, gross fiscal deficit rose from 5.7% of GDP to 6.6% of GDP during 1980-81 to 1990-91. Subsequently, a major portion of this deficit was financed by borrowings (both from external and domestic source).

The increased borrowings resulted in increased public debt and mounting interest payment obligations. The domestic borrowings by government increased from 35% to 49.8% of GDP during 1980-81 to 1990-91. Moreover, the interest payments obligations accounted for 39.1% of total fiscal deficit. Consequently, India lost its financial worthiness in the international market and, fell in a debt trap. Thus, economic reforms were needed urgently.

2. Weak BOP Situation: BOP represents the excess of total amount of exports over total amount of imports. Due to lack of competitiveness of Indian products, India was not able to earn enough foreign exchange through exports to finance our imports. The current account deficit rose from 1.35% to 3.69% of GDP during 1980-81 to 1990-91. In order to finance this huge current account deficit, Indian government borrowed a huge amount from the international market. Consequently, the external debt increased from 12% to 23% of GDP during the same period. On the other hand, Indian exports were not potent enough to earn sufficient foreign exchange to repay these external debt obligations. This BOP crisis compelled the need for the economic reforms.

3. High level of Inflation: The high fiscal deficits forced the central government to monetise the fiscal deficits by borrowings from RBI. RBI printed new money that pushed up the inflation level, thereby, making the domestic goods more expensive. The rate of inflation rose from 6.7% p.a. to 10.3% p.a. during 1980s to 1990-91. In order to lower the inflation rate, government in 1991 had to opt for the economic reforms.

4. Sick PSUs: Public Sector Undertakings were assigned the prime role of industrialisation and removal of inequality of income and poverty. But the subsequent years witnessed the failure of PSUs to perform these roles efficiently and effectively. Instead of being a revenue generator for the central government, these became liability. The sick PSUs added an extra financial burden on the government’s budget.

Thus, because of all the above reasons existing concomitantly, the economic reforms became inevitable.

Dicotyledonous embryo has the following important parts:

• Embryonal axis
  • Main axis of the embryo which divides it into different regions
• Cotyledons
  • Seed leaves
  • Helps in Food storage
  • Provide nourishment to the developing radicle & plumule

Monocotyledonous embryo has the following important parts:

• Embryonal axis
  • Main axis of the embryo which divides it into different regions
• Cotyledon
  • Only one seed leaf exists
  • Termed as Scutellum
  • Located at one side of axis
• Plumule : Shoot tip
• Radicle : Root tip
• Coleorrhiza : Sheath enclosing radicle & root cap
• Coleoptile : Sheath enclosing plumule & a few leaf primordia

When animals such as bees, butterflies, moths, flies, and hummingbirds pollinate plants, it's accidental. They are not trying to pollinate the plant. Usually they are at the plant to get food, the sticky pollen or a sweet nectar made at the base of the petals.