• Volcanic rocks are fine grained whereas plutonic rocks tend to be coarse grained
• Volcanic rocks form above the surface while plutonic rocks form beneath the surface.
• Volcanic rocks form rapidly in geological terms, in a few days at the most, whereas plutonic rocks can take thousands to millions of years to form because it takes much longer for rock beneath the surface to cool down than rock exposed to the atmosphere.

1. Sources of Income

Investors invest their money in the business with the sole purpose of earning profit, since profit is a source of income, it is therefore provides the owners of business the mean with which they and their family members can live a comfortable life.

2. Continuity of Business

The incentive of earning profit keeps the man engaged in business activities. A business can only grow and gain strength if it earns profit. So earning of profit is necessary for the continuity of business.

3. Expansion of Business

One of the roles of profit in business is that businessman retains and reinvests a part of its profits in business undertaking stands on sound footing. It can expand and diversify business not only from reinvestment of funds but also getting loans from external sources for business.

4. Reward of Risk Bearing

Profit is the reward for bringing new products or processes to the market. It is a reward for a risk successfully undertaken. Profit, therefore, is a reward for the future which is uncertain.

5. Profit and Economic Development

Another role of profit in business is economic development. Profit and economic development are closely related with each other. If the firms are not earning profit then there is no economic progress in the country. If there is no economic development there is no profit to the business.

6. Profit Acts as Measure of Efficiency

Profit acts as an index of performance for business, if the business firms are earning profits. It shows that the country is progressing satisfactorily

I. Meaning of the term Independence of Judiciary. Why is the independence of the judiciary desirable? Since the days of monarchs, despots and theoratic regimes, much sanctity is attended to the judiciary. ‘Justice’ is depicted as a blind-folded person, who holds the scale of justice. Such depiction is symbolic of the impartial quality of a judge. Be in a democracy or a despotic regime, impartial judges have been highly praised. In order to be impartial, it is required that judges should be independent. Unless they are independent they cannot properly meet out justice.
An independent judiciary can only protect the rights of individuals against encroachment by other. Encroachment need not only be from private persons. Even Government officials, in course of their duty are likely to encroach upon the rights of individuals. Under the circumstances, it is only an independent judiciary that can come to the rescue of the aggrieved party. In federal policy independence of the judiciary is imperative.
II. Importance of Independent Judiciary:
It is very important to make judiciary independent and impartial because an individual comes to the court when he has been harassed by the Legislature or Executive and when he has been denied his due. It protects the poor from the rich. It protects the ordinary citizen from the wrong acts of the Executive, it protects the fundamental rights and liberties of the individuals, it interprets the laws and the Constitution.
It decides disputes between the Centre and the States in federal set-up. All these functions can be performed properly by the judiciary only if it is independent and impartial. If the people lose faith in the fairness of the justice, if they start feeling that justice can be purchased and influenced, the Government cannot last longer.

Court councilor Kondrashkin is the other important character in the story after Pyotr Petrovich Milkia.

The story does not tell us about the personal appearance. He is the father of seven daughters. He wants to settle them in marriage. That is why he has encouraged the visits of young men like Milkin. Even Milkin's friend says that if he marries Nastya, it will be good for Kondrashkin. That poor man has burden of seven daughters.

He is the father in a great hurry. He does not mind handing over his daughter to an irresponsible, immature, and cowardly man. We get the impression that he wants to get rid of his daughters. He does not mind giving his daughter to the devil himself.

This proves that he was not a father in real sense.

Legislative Functions

• The Parliament legislates on all matters mentioned in the Union List and the Concurrent List.
• In the case of the Concurrent List, where the state legislatures and the Parliament have joint jurisdiction, the union law will prevail over the states unless the state law had received the earlier presidential assent. However, the Parliament can any time, enact a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing a law made by a state legislature.
• The Parliament can also pass laws on items in the State List under the following circumstances:
  • If Emergency is in operation, or any state is placed under President’s Rule (Article 356), the Parliament can enact laws on items in the State List as well.
  • As per Article 249, the Parliament can make laws on items in the State List if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by ⅔ majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary for the Parliament to make laws on any item enumerated in the State List, in the national interest.
  • As per Article 253, it can pass laws on the State List items if it is required for the implementation of international agreements or treaties with foreign powers.
  • According to Article 252, if the legislatures of two or more states pass a resolution to the effect that it is desirable to have a parliamentary law on any item listed in the State List, the Parliament can make laws for those states.

Osmosis is the process in which solvent molecules moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until the amount of fluid is equalised on both sides of the semipermeable membrane.  

Ranga was the son of the village accountant who sent him to Bangalore for studies. After six months he returned back. All villagers rushed to see any possible changes in his physique or manners. The author also went to see him. Ranga did a proper namaskar to him and the author was very much impressed with him. Ranga had his own peculiar views about marriage. He did not want to rush into it. He wanted to marry a mature girl. However, there is an irony about his views. In spite of having such clear and well defined views of marriage, he fell prey to immediate marriage, and that too with an eleven year old girl, Ratana! 

The camera had captured all three girls alive in it.
It has captured the pretty face of the poet's mother who as a girl of twelve years are the time.
It has also captured the smiling face of the two cousins Betty and dolly. They are holding the hands of the poet's mother.

The units which can neither be derived from other units nor they can be further resolved into simpler units are called fundamental units. Examples: Mass, length etc.

Those units which can be expressed in terms of the fundamental units are called derived units.  Example: speed, velocity, acceleration etc.