Reductionismare identical to, or are collections or combinations of, entities of another (often simpler or more basic) kind or that expressions denoting such entities are definable in terms of expressions denoting other entities. Thus, the ideas that physical bodies are collections of atoms or that a given mental state (e.g., one person’s belief that snow is white) is identical to a particular physical state (the firing of certain neurons in that person’s brain) are examples of reductionism.

Unification: It is the act of unifying the different laws valid for different phenomena in to a single theory that explains all the different phenomena. Eg. ... These are unified under theory of electromagnetism; Reduction: It is the effort to solve a complex problem by breaking it into simpler parts.

Significant figures are the number of digits in a value, often a measurement, that contribute to the degree of accuracy of the value. We start counting significant figures at the first non-zero digit. Calculate the number of significant figures for an assortment of numbers. For example, 91 has two significant figures (9 and 1), while 123.45 has five significant figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Zeros appearing anywhere between two significant figures are significant: 101.1203 has seven significant figures: 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0 and 3.

The main features of humanism are given below.
1. Humanism stressed on the individual skills. A person with many skills and interests have been referred to as the Renaissance man. The emerging belief in individual potential helped to identify a town by its citizens.
2. The Humanist thought had a very different idea of history. According to this thought only humanism could revive the long past true civilisation. This revival would enable to end the Dark Age that Europe was then passing through.

3. The establishment of the New Age would mark an end to the period of the supremacy of the Church. The basis of humanism is naturalism, which is antithetical to the beliefs of Christianity.
4. Humanism revived the classical Greek literature. The works of Aristotle and Plato were translated. Along with these subjects modern faculties such as chemistry, mathematics, natural science and astronomy also became a part of the college curriculum.

The potential difference is the work done per unit charge.
The dimensional formula for potential difference is dimension of work/dimension of charge =dimensions of mass times acceleration times distance/ dimension for charge ={tex}M^1L^1T^-2L^1 / A^1T^1 = M^1 L^2 T^-3A^-1 {/tex}

In spite of natural fertility, agriculture was the subject to hazards because:

• River Tigris was overflowed during the particular month of a year.
• The river often changed its course which causes water scarcity in a particular region.

Capacitance is the ratio of the change in the electric charge of a system, to the corresponding change in its electric potential.

(i)General partnership: The partnership in which the liability of the partners in unlimited is called general partnership. In this type of partnership, partners have the right to take part in the management of the firm. Each partner as well as the firm is bound by the acts of all the partners. It is optional for the firm to get itself registered. Death, insolvency, retirement or lunacy of any partner adversely affects the existence of the firm.
(ii)Limited partnership : Limited partnership is the partnership in which the liability of at least one member is unlimited while others have limited liability. The members with limited liability neither have the rights to participate in the management of the business nor are their acts binding on other partners or the firm. It is compulsory to register such partnership.

Regulation of kidney function by feedback circuits: There are 2 main feedback circuit systems in the vertebrate kidneys : (i) Control by ADH and (ii) Control by JGA.
Moreover there is one extra system called ANF or atrial natriuretic factor.
(a) Control by ADH : (i) The antidiuretic hormone is secreted in the hypothalamus and released into blood by. pituitary part called neurohypophysis. It increases fluid retention by making kidney to reabsorb more water, (ii) Osmoreceptors of hypothalamus detect the osmolarity above 300 mosm L_1. The thrust is produced, (iii) Drinking of water reduces osmolarity of blood, (iv) The secretion of ADH is decreased and the circuit is completed.
(b) Control by JGA : (i) RAAS is operated by juxta glomerular apparatus, (ii) It responds to decrease in blood volume in afferent renal arterioles, (iii) The renin converts angiotensinogen I into angiotensin II which increases blood pressure and causes the arteries to constrict, (iv) In DCT and PCT there is more absorption of NaCl and water, (v) The feedback circuit is completed when the blood pressure is increased and it is supported by release of rennin.
© Control by ANF : (i) This hormone opposses the regulation of kidney7s function by RAAS. (ii) ANF is released from the walls of atria of heart response to increase in blood volume or blood pressure
(iii) ANF decreases the release of renin from JGA. So NaCl reabsorption is inhibited by CT. (iv) It reduces the release of aldosterone from adrenal. Therefore ANF, ADH and RAAS provide a system of check and balance which regulate and control body fluid osmolarity, salt concentration and blood volume or blood pressure.

Advantages in python 'interactive mode':  

• 'Interactive mode' is great for quickly and conveniently running 'single lines or blocks of code'.
• In 'interactive mode', we can get the answer 'line by line'.
• It is 'easy to find an error'.

Disadvantages in python 'interactive mode':

• It is 'harder to edit longer programs' or even the existing program.
• We 'cannot write a whole program' in interactive mode.
• If we 'save the program the instructions' also get saved.  

Glands are important organs, you have a variety of them all over your body, and though many of them are small, each produces something important. Some glands make something that is released from the body — like saliva, sweat, or tears.  Glands are important organs located throughout the body. They produce and release substances that perform certain functions. Though you have many glands throughout your body, they fall into two types: endocrine and exocrine.

Sarcodina, the largest phylum (11,500 living species and 33,000 fossil species) of protozoans ). It comprises the amebas and related organisms; which are all solitary cells that move and capture food by means of pseudopods, flowing temporary extensions of the cell. Most sarcodines are free living; others are parasitic. Sarcodines protozoans are called Sarcodina and they move with pseudopodia. They are amoebas and are a blob of protoplasm formed in a single cell. By flowing their protoplasm forward into a "foot" then bringing the rest of their body into the foot, they can slither along.

The range of variation over the seven days of observation is 162 s for clock 1, and 31 s for clock 2. the average reading of clock 1 is much closer to the standard time than the average reading of clock 2. The important point is that a clock's zero error is not as significant for precision work as its variation, because a 'zero-error' can always be easily corrected. Hence closk 2 is to be preferred to clock 1.

A city or a town is a place where food production is not the main contributor to the economy. City people cease to be self-sufficient and depend on the products or services of other (city or village) people. The division of labor is a mark of urban life. There must be a social organization in place. Organized trade and storage is needed because of need of various raw materials for manufacturers in the city. Many different activities need to be coordinated. In such a system, some people give commands that other obey. Urban economies often require keeping of written records.

Recurring Deposit Account: The aim of recurring deposit is to encourage regular savings by the people. A depositor can deposit a fixed amount, say Rs. 100 every month for a fixed period. The amount together with interest is repaid on maturity. The interest rate on this account is higher than that on saving deposits.