Studying political theory is not like studying methematics for the reasons mentioned below:
(i)Unlike in mathematics where there can be one definition of a triangle or square, we encounter many definitions of equality or freedom or justice.
(ii)This is because terms like equality, freedom or secularism are not abstract issues in our lives. Rather, we daily encounter discrimination of various sorts in families, schools, colleges, shopping malls etc. 
(iii)For instance, when we are in a queue for goods and services, we want equal opportunity. We resent people who jump the queue in order to get services first.
(iv)However, if there are special counters for the old and disabled, we understand that equality of opportunity is not enough and such special treatment is justified to ensure fairness in society.

The author has described his grandmother very beautifully. He compared her to the winter landscape in the mountains and expanse of pure white serenity breathing peace and contentment. He used this simile to describe the all whiteness associated with his grandmother. She always wore spotless white dress. Her silver hair quite matched with her white attire. She was very spiritual and religious. As a result she exuded purity and serenity like a winter landscape. There were many appreciable qualities in Khushwant Singh's grandmother. She was quite affectionate. She looked after the narrator at the village so caringly that he did not feel the absence of his parents when they went to the city to settle.  She was a strong woman who could adapt herself to any new challenging situation. May be she derived that strength from her devotion to God. She was so divinely dedicated to praying to God that she never left her rosary. Her feeding the village dogs and then the sparrows show her love for animals. She found company in them. And sparrows reciprocated her love and care. They didn't chirp at all; nor did they eat a single crumb at her death. She was really a saintly woman.

While the Governor is the nominal head of the state government, the Chief Minister is the real head.

The three unique characteristics of Mesopotamian civilization were:

1. Towns were constructed according to pre-planned strategy.
2. Baked bricks were used for construction.
3. Most of the houses were of single story having a courtyard.

As per the crucial element which made our country have the success of democracy is that the nation is unified. In spite of turmoils occurring in the northeast or Kashmir a large number of Indian population is united politically. India has a peaceful population and hence this is why democratic the nation is so united as per the author of the book. This is a true fact.

Types of Doping (Classification)

(i) Performance enhancing substance:

• Stimulants
• Anabolic Steroids
• Peptide hormones
• Beta-2 Agonist
• Narcotics
• Diuretics
• Cannabinoids.

(ii)  Physical methods.

• Blood doping and Gene doping comes under physical method.

Heavy water is a compound that is made up of oxygen and deuterium, a heavier isotope of hydrogen which is denoted by ‘²H’ or ‘D’. Heavy Water is also called deuterium oxide and is denoted by the chemical formula D₂O.

The legal rights are protected by an ordinary law, but they can be altered or taken away be the legislature by changing that law. Fundamental Rights are protected and Guaranteed by the Constitution and they cannot be taken away by an ordinary law enacted by the legislature. If a legal right of a person is violated, he can move to an ordinary court, but if a fundamental right is violated the Constitution provides that the affected person may move to High court or Supreme Court. Here we should note that theRights to Property was a fundamental right before 1978. The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, taken away the Right to property (Article 31) as a Fundamental Right and was made a legal right under new Article 300 A.

An ordinary right generally imposes a corresponding duty on another individual (and, state in some cases) but a fundamental right is a right which an individual possess against the state.Fundamental rights are protected against invasion by the executive, legislature and the judiciary. All fundamental rights are limitations on legislative power. Laws and executive actions which abridge or are in conflict with such rights are void and ineffective.Our constitution guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights. Thus the remedy itself is a fundamental right. This distinguishes it from other rights.The Supreme Court is the guardian of fundamental rights.

Further, all constitution rights not fundamental rights e.g. right not to be subjected to taxation without authority of law (art. 265), right to property (art. 300a), and freedom of trade (art. 301). A fundamental right cannot be waived. An ordinary legal right can be waived by an individual.

A right is essentially an entitlement or a justified claim. It denotes what we are entitled to as citizens, as individuals and as human beings. Rights are something that we consider to be due to us, something that the rest of society must recognise as being a legitimate claim that must be upheld.
(i)Rights are important for all of us for leading a life of respect and dignity In fact, one of the grounds on which rights have been claimed in that they represent conditions that we collectively see as a source of self-respect and dignity.
(ii)In a democracy generally people or citizens have the right to expression. Citizens can express themselves freely in different ways. The right to expression gives us opportunity to be creative and original, whether it be in writing, or dance, or music or any other creative activity.
(iii)Freedom of expression is essential and useful for democratic government also. As this freedom or right allows the free expression of beliefs and opinions, the government can know this successes or failures or desires or dislikings of the people.

(iv)Rights are necessary for entire world or for whole human beings also. Rights such as the right of livelihood, or freedom of expression, would be important for all human beings who live in society and therefore they are described as universal in nature.

(v)Another basis on which rights have been claimed in that they are necessary for our well-being. They help individuals to develop their talents and skills. A right like the right to education, for example, helps develop our capacity to reason, gives us useful skills and enables us to make informed choices in life.

Mourad and Aram were cousins and belonged to Garoghlanian tribe which was known for its honesty. Mourad was thirteen and Aram was nine years old. Both longed to ride a horse. But their family was too poor to buy a horse. Both were adventure-loving. Both knew that their family was well known for honesty and right conduct. But Mourad could not help stealing John Byro’s horse. While he had a streak of craziness, Aram was honest and simple-hearted. Mourad was more talented and bolder than Aram. He domesticated the wild horse of John Byro. He repaired the injured wing of a robin bird; he knew how to deal with a horse, and how to soothe a dog. Comparatively, Aram was timid and obedient. Mourad could easily lie to John Byro about the horse. Aram could never do it.

Uncle Khosrove was widely known to be crazy. He was short-tempered and impatient as well. He stopped others from talking by shouting at them. His stock saying was: it is no harm, pay no attention to it. ‘Mourad had got that craziness from Uncle Khosrove.

Many aspects of today's society have been affected by ancient Rome . Creation of law, development of democratic government practices, influences in language, literature, art, infrastructure, and city-planning are all areas where the influences of Roman ideas can be seen. The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis, (235-284 CE) was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. As the nature of Rome's army changed from limited, seasonal campaigns, and a provincial empire began to come into existence, the legions began to develop more permanent bases. Livy dates this progression by saying that from 362 BCE Rome had two legions and four legions from 311 BCE.

Town Planning: The discovery of the Sumerian city of Ur has shed light on the lives of the early Mesopotamians. The Mesopotamian cities fell short in terms of town planning as compared to the Harappan centres but followed a uniform pattern nevertheless. The city was divided into three parts - the sacred area, the walled city on a mound and the outer town. The sacred area consisted of the temple tower or the <i>ziggurat </i>dedicated to the patron god of the city. There were also smaller temples of other gods. This area also had the storehouse as well as the offices. People resided in the walled city and the outer town areas. Houses were constructed along the streets, and each house had a central courtyard with rooms attached around it.

The first is about the beginnings of human existence, from the remote past, millions of years ago. You will learn how humans first emerged in Africa and how archaeologists have studied these early phases of history from remains of bones and stone tools. Sumer, located in Mesopotamia, is the first known complex civilization, developing the first city-states in the 4th millennium BCE. It was in these cities that the earliest known form of writing, cuneiform script, appeared around 3000 BCE. The first six civilizations–Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley (Harappa), Andes, China, and Mesoamerica– are supposed to have arisen independently of each other approximately 6,000 to 3,500 years ago.