Feudalism helped protect communities from the violence and warfare that broke out after the fall of Rome and the collapse of strong central government in Western Europe. Feudalism secured Western Europe's society and kept out powerful invaders. Feudalism helped restore trade. Lords repaired bridges and roads. The consequence of the feudal system was the creation of very localised groups of communities which owed loyalty to a specific local lord who exercised absolute authority in his domain. As fiefs were often hereditary, a permanent class divide was established between those who had land and those who rented it.

The ‘Late Roman bureaucracy’ for both the higher and the middle echelons was a comparatively affluent group because it drew the bulk of its salary in gold and invested much of this in buying up of landed property. There was, of course, a great deal of corruption, especially in the judicial system and in the administration of military supplies. The extortion of the higher bureaucracy and the greed of the provincial governors were common.

Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy on May 3, 1469. He is notable for his essays on politics, particularly his infamous treatise on power entitled The Prince. He came form a political family. He held a privileged position He had a wife and sixteen children.

The printing press is a device that allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter, mainly text in the form of books, pamphlets and newspapers. Created in China, the printing press revolutionized society there before being further developed in Europe in the 15th Century by Johannes Gutenberg and his invention of the Gutenberg press.

The Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist book from Dunhuang, China from around 868 A.D. during the Tang Dynasty, is said to be the oldest known printed book.

The contributions: 
1. The Mesopotamians were the first people to introduce the use of the potter's wheel to the world.

2. They were the first to enter into written trade agreement.

3. They also introduced to the world the idea of a written Code of Law.
4. They were the first people to divide a day into 24 hours, an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds.
5. They were first to develop a script and established the libraries and reading rooms.

Ancient Mesopotamia had a complex society. The Mesopotamian society was hierarchic. In a Mesopotamian society, there were three social classes: nobility, free citizens, and slaves. The nobility class included priests, and priest-kings. Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and Babylonian civilizations. Evidence shows extensive use of technology, literature, legal codes, philosophy, religion, and architecture in these societies.

A partnership is a kind of business where a formal agreement between two or more people is made and agreed to be the co-owners, distribute responsibilities for running an organization and share the income or losses that the business generates.

In India, all the aspects and functions of the partnership are administered under ‘The Indian Partnership Act 1932’. This specific law explains that partnership is an association between two or more individuals or parties who have accepted to share the profits generated from the business under the supervision of all the members or behalf of other members.

Howard Carter was a British archaeologist and historian.

He found Tut's mummy after a long span of life given to its search. But when he opened the sarcophagus, he faced a problem. The mummy was stuck to the bottom of the tomb. Egyptians kept some ritual resins below the mummy. During hundreds of years, the resins have hardened and the mummy was stuck to the bottom tightly.

After using all his manpower, he concluded that the mummy would not budge a bit if they kept trying in the same manner. So he decided to use some 'unscientific methods' to take out the mummy. He cut the bottom part's resins and tore the mummy away. In this way, he took the mummy out but it was not in the best condition. It was slightly tore and battered.

The contributions: 
1. The Mesopotamians were the first people to introduce the use of the potter's wheel to the world.

2. They were the first to enter into  written trade agreement.

3. They also introduced to the world the idea of a written Code of Law.
4. They were the first people to divide a day into 24 hours, an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds.
5. They were first to develop a script and established the libraries and reading rooms.

The following are considered to be the stages in the development of planets :

(i)The stars are the localised lumps of gas within a nebula. The gravitational force within the lumps leads to the formation of a core to the gas cloud and the huge rotating disc of gas and dust develops around the gas core.
(ii)In the next stage, the gas cloud starts getting condensed and the matter around the core develops into smallrounded objects. These small-rounded objects by the process of cohesion develop into what is called planetesimals. Larger bodies start forming by collision, and gravitational attraction causes the material to stick together. Planetesimals are a large number of smaller bodies.
(iii)In the final stage, these large number of small planetesimals accrete to form a fewer large bodies in the form of planets

Desire refers to the wish a person has.

Want is a strong feeling of possessing some things.

Demand refers to the desire to have a commodity backed by willingness and ability to purchase that commodity at given price during a period of time.