Manorial estates were self sufficient estates, it represented division of land into estates headed by the Lord. d. These estates had within themselves, peasants who tilled the land, carpenters, blacksmiths, ​stone masons. e. The land remained under the control of the Lord who rented it to the tiller and received dues.

Phylum Arthropoda has almost a million species described to date. It accounts for 80% of known animal species. So phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Several factors contributed to the success of arthropods especially the terrestrial arthropods as they adapted to solve the problems of support, stability, desiccation and respiration.

Lichens are the composite or dual organisms representing a symbiotic association between a fungus and alga. The fungal partner is called mycobiont whereas algal partner is called phycobiont. Algae prepares food for fungi and fungi provides shelter and absorbs mineral nutrient and water for its partner. Lichens grow on barren rocks, cooled volcanic lava and icy tundra soils. They can tolerate extreme dessication but not the polluted air.

Some of the characteristic features of viroids are given below-

• Viroids contain only RNA.
• These are known to be smaller in size and infect only the plants.
• These are among the smallest known agents causing infectious disease.
• Viroids are the species of nucleic acid with relatively low molecular weight and a unique structure.
• They reproduce within the host cell which they affect in and cause variations in them causing death.
• Viroids are mainly classified into two families namely Pospiviroidae- nuclear viroids and Avsunviroidae- chloroplastic viroids.
• Viroids are said to move in an intracellular manner, cell to cell through the plasmodesmata, and a long-distance through the phloem.

Betrayal of trust is an evil which may afflict people of any time or any age - this saying is quite apparent in the story - The Address. An old acquaintance of the narrator's mother Mrs. Dorling saved all their nice possessions during the war. But after the war was over, when the narrator came to Mrs. Dorling's house to take possession of all her belongings, the woman completely denied to know her and even disagreed to speak to her.

Given that,

S = {x : x € N , 4x + 9 < 50 }

We have to express the above set in Roster Form

Given condition,

4x + 9 < 50

➠ 4x < 50 - 9

➠ 4x < 41

➠ x < 41/4

➠ x < 10.2

'x' is any natural number lesser than 10

The above set in Roster Form would be :

S = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

• Cilia and flagella are hair-like outgrowths of the cell membrane.
• Cilia and flagella help in cell movement.
• Core of cilia and flagella is called the axoneme, possesses a number of microtubules running parallel to the long axis.
• The axoneme usually has nine pairs of doublets of radially arranged peripheral microtubules, and a pair of centrally located microtubules. Such an arrangement of axonemal microtubules is referred to as the 9+2 array.
• The central tubules are connected by bridges and is also enclosed by a central sheath, which is connected to one of the tubules of each peripheral doublets by a radial spoke and hence there are nine radial spokes.
• The peripheral doublets are also interconnected by linkers.
• Both the cilium and flagellum emerge from centriole-like structure called the basal bodies.

(A) Phycomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Rhizopus, Albugo, etc.

(i) Mode of nutrition

They are obligate parasites on plants or are found on decaying matter such as wood.

(ii) Mode of reproduction

Asexual reproduction takes place through motile zoospores or non-motile aplanospores produced endogenously in sporangium.

Sexual reproduction may be of isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous type resulting in the formation of thick-walled zygospore.

(B) Ascomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neurospora.

(i) Mode of nutrition

They are sporophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung).

(ii) Mode of reproduction

Asexual reproduction occurs through asexual spores produced exogenously, such as conidia produced on conidiophores.

Sexual reproduction takes place through ascospores produced endogenously in sac-like asci and arranged inside ascocarps.

(C) Basidiomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Ustilago, Agaricus and Puccinia.

(i) Mode of nutrition

They grow as decomposers in soil or on logs and tree stumps. They also occur as parasites in plants causing diseases such as rusts and smuts.

(ii) Mode of reproduction

Asexual reproduction takes place commonly through fragmentation. Asexual spores are absent.

*** organs are absent but sexual reproduction takes place through plasmogamy. It involves fusion of two different strains of hyphae. The resulting dikaryon gives rise to a basidium. Four basidiospores are produced inside a basidium.

(D) Deuteromycetes – This group of fungi includes members such as Alternaria, Trichoderma, and Colletotrichum.

(i) Mode of nutrition

Some members are saprophytes while others are parasites. However, a large number act as decomposers of leaf litter.

(ii) Mode of reproduction

Asexual reproduction is the only way of reproduction in deuteromycetes. Which occurs through asexual spores called conidia.

Sexual reproduction is absent in deuteromycetes.

Entrepreneur is a person who develops and owns his own enterprise, is a moderate risk taker and works under uncertainty for achieving the goal.
— Is innovative and a persuader of deviant pursuits.
— Reflects a strong urge to be independent.
— Persistently tries to do something better.
— Is dissatisfied with routine activities.
— Is prepared to withstand the hard life.
— Is determined but patient. Exhibits sense of leadership.
— Exhibits sense of competitiveness.
— Takes personal responsibility.
— Is oriented towards the future.
— Tends to persist in the face of adversity

He stole the horse because he had mania for horses. His passion combined with his eccentricity must have incited him to steal the horse. He did not have any ill intention. He just wanted to just gratify his craze for horses.

He returned the horse because he the actual owner of the horse, John Byro had seen him and Aram, his younger brother riding the horse one morning. Though he trusted their honesty and integrity, yet the three of them knew what the truth was. Mourad must have felt conscience-stricken and before the matter reached the elders of his family, her returned the horse.