A civil war broke out after Muhammad's death due to a dispute about who would succeed Muhammad as caliph. One faction supported Abu Bakr, who was the father in law of Muhammad. The other faction supported Ali, who was the son in law of Muhammad. After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, his friend Abu Bakr was named caliph and ruler of the Islamic community, or Ummah. Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr was the proper successor, while Shi'a Muslims believe that Ali should have succeed Muhammad as caliph.

When you close a document in Word, the document itself leaves your screen and you can no longer edit it. The program remains open for you to switch to another document. When you exit Word, the entire program closes and must be opened again in order to edit any documents.

Features such as arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, patterns of digestive, circulatory or reproductive systems are the basis of animal classification.

Bryophytes are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. They are characteristically limited in size and prefer moist habitats although they can survive in drier environments. The bryophytes consist of about 20,000 plant species. The aim is to give you a good understanding of bryophyte structure and of the similarities and differences between the three groups.

Kurt Lewin first proposed the famous equation B = f (p1 E) – which suggests that behaviour is the product of a person and his/her environment. Kurt Lewin's behavior equation is “B = f(P, E)”. It states that an individual's behavior (B) is a function (f) of the the person (P), including their history, personality and motivation, and their environment (E), which includes both their physical and social surroundings.

In the above statement it is the Principle of Business Entity which is implied. As per this principle, business is treated as distinct and a separate entity from its owners. In simple words, we can say that business and its owners are different. In fact, the business (firm) borrows money from the owners (which is regarded as capital) and in return, the business pays interest on this money so borrowed from the owner. Thus, in this manner, the capital invested is a liability for a business. Hence, in accounting sense, it means one separate entity (owner) is assumed to be giving money to another distinct entity (business unit).

Mrs. Pearson, who actually is Mrs. Fitzgerald after the exchange of bodies through magic, deals with her husband, Mr. George quite strictly. She tells him his flaws and shortcomings. Earlier, the original Mrs. Pearson was just a docile and humble woman who did not complain about the injustices that were being done to her by her family members. But the changed Mrs. Pearson revolts against them. She refuses to be their servant and, makes them aware of her rights.  She makes them realize her importance; her strategy to bring them back on track is quite ingenious. As a result of her efforts family members are reformed and her life is again filled with love, trust, and joy.

The author and his grandmother shared a relationship which was very strong.The author had a lot of respect and admiration for his grandmother and her love for the author was limitless.Earlier, they shared everything including the room.This closeness strengthened their bond. When the author was asked to shift to the city along with his grandmother to stay with his parents,their relationship underwent a change. Their interaction became less as the author grew older. He moved to a foreign university for five years. Even though now the physical proximity was less, conversation lesser,but the basic foundation of their relationship was extremely strong. The grandmother kept a tenacious hold on to her life till her grandson returned from abroad. Only after seeing him, she breathed her last.    

Over-population leads to the issues of poverty and unemployment. The vicious circle of population and poverty will continue unless the root cause i.e. population is taken care of. It hampers the development of a country. It leads to the consumption of the natural resources at a much faster rate. The fossils consumed, the resources depleted, the forests cleared, the heat produced, the global warming caused are all the repercussions of the fast- growing population. The present world population is estimated at 5.7 billion and every four days it increases by one million.
Development won‟t be possible if the population increases at this pace. Controlling the population will solve many a problems

In modern politics, liberty is the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behaviour, or political views. Thus liberty entails the responsible use of freedom under the rule of law without depriving anyone else of their freedom.  Berlin described a statement such as "I am slave to no man" as one of negative liberty, that is, freedom from another individual's direct interference. He contrasted this with a Positive Freedom statement such as "I am my own master", which lays claim to a freedom to choose one's own pursuits in life. "Positive liberty... is a valid universal goal. ... Berlin defined negative liberty (as the term "liberty" was used by Thomas Hobbes) as the absence of coercion or interference with agents' possible private actions, by an exterior social-body.

Everyone was very sad at the demise of the grandmother. She was lifted off the bed and, as is customary, laid on the ground and covered with a red shroud. After a few hours of mourning the family left her alone to make arrangements for her funeral. In the evening, all over the verandah and in her room right up to where she lay dead and stiff wrapped in the red shroud, thousands of sparrows sat scattered on the floor. There was no chirruping. Everyone felt sorry for the birds and the author’s mother fetched some bread for them. She broke it into little crumbs, the way his  grandmother used to, and threw it to them. The sparrows took no notice of the bread. When they carried the grandmother’s corpse off, they flew away quietly.