The nobility had a central role in social process because they controlled land. This control was the outcome of a practice called ‘vassalage’. The kings of France were linked to the people by ‘vassalage’. The big landowners (the nobles) were vassals of the king, and the peasants were vassals of the landowners.

The noble enjoyed a privileged status. He had absolute control over his property, in perpetuity. He could raise troops called ‘feudal levies’. The lord held his own courts of justice and could even coin his own money. He was the lord of the people settled on his land. His owned vast tracts of land which contained his own dwellings, his private fields and pastures and the homes of his tenant-peasants.

Gaul was a province of the Roman Empire. From the sixth century, this region was a kingdom ruled by Frankish/French kings. The Franks (a Germanic tribe) gave their name to Gaul, making it ‘France’. The French had very strong links with the Church. The link was further augmented when in 800 the Pope gave King Charlemagne the title of ‘Holy Roman Emperor’ to ensure his support. The island of England-Scotland was conquered by a duke from the French province of Normandy, in the eleventh century.

The economic, legal, political and social relationships that existed in Europe in the medieval era are collectively called feudalism. Feudalism is a kind of agricultural production which is based on the relationship between lords and peasants. The peasants cultivated their own land, as well as the land of the lord. The lord provided military protection in lieu of peasant’s services. The lords also had extensive judicial control over the peasants. In fact, feudalism went beyond the economic to cover the social and political aspects of life too.

There was not much of a difference between the reaction of the children and the adults when faced with danger. Both showed courage and strength. The children showed a more positive frame of mind. The captain and his crew members tried to save the boat but the impetus given to the captain was from his son who said that he was not afraid to die as long as they were together.

Numeric

A numeric value is any representation of data which has a numeric value. Python identifies three types of numbers:

• Integer: Positive or negative whole numbers (without a fractional part)
• Float: Any real number with a floating point representation in which a fractional component is denoted by a decimal symbol or scientific notation

• Complex number: A number with a real and imaginary component represented as x+yj. x and y are floats and j is -1(square root of -1 called an imaginary number)

Boolean

Data with one of two built-in values <code>True</code> or <code>False</code>. Notice that 'T' and 'F' are capital. <code>true</code> and <code>false</code> are not valid booleans and Python will throw an error for them.

Sequence Type

A sequence is an ordered collection of similar or different data types. Python has the following built-in sequence data types:

• String: A string value is a collection of one or more characters put in single, double or triple quotes.
• List : A list object is an ordered collection of one or more data items, not necessarily of the same type, put in square brackets.
• Tuple: A Tuple object is an ordered collection of one or more data items, not necessarily of the same type, put in parentheses.

Dictionary

A dictionary object is an unordered collection of data in a key:value pair form. A collection of such pairs is enclosed in curly brackets. For example: <code>{1:"Steve", 2:"Bill", 3:"Ram", 4: "Farha"}</code>

Left Hand Side = 

By applying the following identity of,



And, for the denominator's side, applying this identity,



Now,





Divide the following numbers  therefore,



Now, cancelling out the common factor of:  and dividing the numbers: ,

Therefore, by the following trigonometric identity: 

Concept of Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (DMU) states that as we consume more and more units of a commodity, the utility derived from each successive unit goes on decreasing. People spend their income on various goods because consuming more and more of any one good reduces the marginal satisfaction obtained from further consumption of the same good. Law of DMU has universal applicability and applies to all goods and services.

Assumptions

• All the units of a commodity are same in terms of size, quality, design etc
• Unit of a good must be standard
• No change in taste
• No change in the price of substitute goods
• Continuity in consumption.

Ledger is the collection of different accounts of assets, liabilities, capital, revenue and expenses. When transactions are recorded in the Journal (Book of Original Entry), these are transferred or posted to their respective accounts in Ledgers. These are called Book of Secondary or Final Entry. Ledger contains all accounts of a business enterprise, irrespective of whether they are personal, real or nominal.

A Lewis Electron Dot Formula comprises one dot for every valence electron and an element’s symbol. Stages to articulate the electron dot formula are stated beneath. Note down a skeletal structure displaying a realistic bonding pattern by means of only the element symbols.