1. Three revolutions paved the way for the emergency of sociology: they were:- a. Scientific Revolution, French Revolution; Industrial Revolution b. French Revolution, American Revolution, Scientific Revolution. c. American Revolution, Scientific Revolution, Industrial Revolution. d. None of the above.

2. ‘The Age of Enlightenment’, established the human being at the center of the universe, and ................ as the central feature of the human being.

3. The foundations of modern industry were laid by the Industrial Revolution, which began first in ................. a. Britain b. France c. Japan d. Germany

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G0 (quiescent phase) also known as the inactive stage of the cell cycle, is the stage when the cell remains metabolically active, but do not proliferate unless called on to do so. Such cells are used for replacing the cells lost during injury.

Kinetochore is a structure on chromatids at which the spindle fibres attach during cell division to pull the sister chromatids apart. Their proteins help to hold the sister chromatids together and also play a role in chromosome editing.

Kinetochore is observed in eukaryotes as an assembly on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis.

Crossing over is the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line. During the formation of egg and sperm cells, also known as meiosis, paired chromosomes from each parent align so that similar DNA sequences from the paired chromosomes cross over one another. Crossing over occurs between prophase I and metaphase I and is the process where two homologous non-sister chromatids pair up with each other and exchange different segments of genetic material to form two recombinant chromosome sister chromatids.

Mitosis is the process of cell division wherein the chromosomes replicate and gets equally distributed into two daughter cells. The chromosome number in each daughter cell is equal to that in the parent cell, i.e., diploid. Hence, mitosis is known as equational division. Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells. The old name for meiosis was reduction/ division. Meiosis I reduces the ploidy level from 2n to n (reduction) while Meiosis II divides the remaining set of chromosomes in a mitosis-like process (division).

Karyokinesis is defined as the division of the nucleus during the M phase of the cell cycle. ... The daughter chromosome is separated into two daughter nuclei. Cytokinesis, on the other hand, is defined as the division of the cytoplasm during the M phase of the cell cycle. Karyokinesis is followed by the cytokinesis in the mitotic division. In plant cells, the cytoplasm of the parent cell is divided by the formation of a cell plate in the middle of the parent cell. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow is formed by the plasma membrane, separating the two daughter cells.

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The length of the muscle cell is 1-40 micrometers.
Nerve cells possess a cell body and one to many thin, fiber-like axons.
Some nerve cells possess axons as long as 1 meter.

Red blood cells are not considered to be prokaryotic, because they are part of an eukaryotic organism. Red blood cells begin life with the full complement of organelles, including a nucleus and mitochondria, but RBCs in humans shed their organelles during maturation. In actuality, though, only mammalian RBCs lack nuclei; RBCs in other animals still hold on to their traditional eukaryotic characteristics.

Red blood cells are not considered to be prokaryotic, because they are part of an eukaryotic organism. Red blood cells begin life with the full complement of organelles, including a nucleus and mitochondria, but RBCs in humans shed their organelles during maturation. In actuality, though, only mammalian RBCs lack nuclei; RBCs in other animals still hold on to their traditional eukaryotic characteristics.

Connective tissues have cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix. They connect different body systems. Blood is considered as a type of connective tissue because of two reasons.

(i) Like the other connective tissues, blood is mesodermal in origin.

(ii) It connects the body systems, transports oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body, and removes the waste products. Blood has an extra-cellular matrix called plasma, with red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets floating in it.

The cells of nervous tissue are highly specialized and the cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.

• Nervous tissue stimulates and transmits the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body.
• The brain, spinal cord and nerves are composed of the nervous tissue.
• A neuron consists of a cell body which comprises of nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise.
• The neuron has a single long part, called the axon, which transmit the nerve impulse to body parts.
• The neuron has short, branched parts called dendrites.
• Many nerve fibers combine together by connective tissue and form a nerve.
• Nerve impulse enables animals to move rapidly in response to stimuli.

ANSWER

Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract. 

There are mainly three types of muscle tissue:-

1)Skeletal(Striated) Muscle:
Structure: Skeletal muscle is called "striated" because of its appearance consisting of light and dark bands visible using a light microscope. A single skeletal muscle cell is long and approximately cylindrical in shape, with many nuclei located at the edges (periphery) of the cell.

Function: 

• Movement of the skeleton under conscious control, including movement of limbs, fingers, toes, neck, etc.
• Movement of tissues of facial expression under conscious control, e.g. ability to smile and to frown.

2)Smooth(Non-Striated) Muscle:

   Structure: Unlike Skeletal and Cardiac muscle tissue, Smooth muscle is not striated. Smooth muscle fibres are small and tapered - with the ends reducing in size, in contrast to the cylindrical shape of a skeletal muscle. Each smooth muscle fibre has a single centrally located nucleus.

   Function: Contractions of smooth muscle constrict (i.e. narrow = reduce the diameter of) the vessels they surround. This is particularly important in the digestive system in which the action of smooth muscle helps to move food along the gastrointestinal tract as well as breaking the food down further. Smooth muscle also contributes to moving fluids through the body and to the elimination of indigestible matter from the gastrointestinal system.

3)Cardiac(Semi-Striated) Muscle:

   Structure: Cardiac muscle fibers are striated, branched (sometimes described as Y-shaped), and have a single central nucleus. These fibers are attached at their ends to adjoining fibers by thick plasma membranes called intercalated discs.

   Function: Pumping of blood through the heart: Alternate contraction and        relaxation of cardiac muscle pumps

De-oxygenated blood through the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle to the lungs, and oxygenated blood through the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle to the aorta, then the rest of the body.   

Glandular epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue which covers the glands (both exocrine and endocrine) of our body. Their main function is secretion. Both endocrine and exocrine glands produce their secretions through the glandular epithelium via special cells called goblet cells. Glandular epithelium in the reproductive tract is called endocervical glandular epithelium and helps in sexual functions by secreting lubricating fluid during sexual excitation. The glandular epithelium also lines the intestine where it helps in the absorption of nutrients. Thus it aids in digestion. Thus glandular epithelium is a multifunctional tissue that combines with other tissues to perform vital functions of the body.

• It consists of cells which form membranes.
• This membrane covers the body surface and the glands.
• The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissues.
• Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the body.
• It also forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
• The skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made of epithelial tissue.
• The cells are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet.
• They have only a small amount of cementing material between them and almost no intercellular spaces.
• These are divided into four types:-

SIMPLE

• The cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining.
• The lining of oesophagus and the mouth are covered with squamous epithelium.

STRATIFIED

• The cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear.
• Since they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the epithelium is called stratified squamous
• The skin, which protects the body, is made of squamous epithelium.

COLUMNAR

• The columnar (meaning ‘pillar-like’) epithelium facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier.
• It is present where absorption and secretion occur, as in the inner lining of the intestine, tall epithelial cells are present.
• In the respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial tissue also has cilia, which are hair-like projections on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells.
• These cilia can move, and their movement pushes the mucus forward to clear it. This type of epithelium is thus ciliated columnar epithelium.

CUBOIDAL

• Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells) forms the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it provides mechanical support.
• Epithelial cells often acquire additional specialisation as gland cells, which can secrete substances at the epithelial surface.
• Sometimes a portion of the epithelial tissue folds inward and a multicellular gland is formed.
• This is glandular epithelium.

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