As the road does not move at all, therefore, work done by the cycle on the road must be zero.

Joule is the unit for energy
Dimension Formula for Joule is [M¹L²T⁻²]
Let n1(joule)=n2(erg)
n1(M₁¹L₁²T₁⁻²]=n2[M₂¹L₂²T₂⁻²]
n2=n1(M₁¹L₁²T₁⁻²] /M₂¹L₂²T₂⁻²]
=n1x(M1/M2)¹x(L1/L2)²x(T1/T2)⁻²
=1x(1kg/gm)¹x(1m/1cm)²x(1s/1s)⁻²
=1x(1000g/gm)x(100cm/1cm)²x(1s/1s)⁻²
=10⁷ 
Therefore n1(joule)=n2(erg)
∴1 Joule=10⁷erg

Principle of Homogeneity states that dimensions of each of the terms of a dimensional equation on both sides should be the same. This principle is helpful because it helps us convert the units from one form to another

Characteristics of Civilization

All civilizations have certain characteristics. These include:

(1) large population centers

(2) monumental architecture and unique art styles

(3) shared communication strategies

(4) systems for administering territories

(5) a complex division of labor

(6) the division of people into social and economic classes.

Urban Areas

Large population centers, or urban areas (1), allow civilizations to develop, although people who live outside these urban centers are still part of that region’s civilization. Rural residents of civilizations may include farmers, fishers, and traders, who regularly sell their goods and services to urban residents.

Body wave -

A body wave is a seismic wave that moves through the interior of the earth, as opposed to surface waves that travel near the earth's surface. P and S waves are body waves. Each type of wave shakes the ground in different ways...

Surface wave -

seismic wave that travels across the surface of the Earth as opposed to through it. Surface waves usually have larger amplitudes and longer wavelengths than body waves, and they travel more slowly than body waves do. Love waves and Rayleigh waves are kinds of surface waves.

अब्बासी क्रांति :  

अरब में 'दवा' नामक एक आंदोलन ने उमय्यद वंश को उखाड़ फेंका। 750 ईस्वी में उमय्यद वंश का स्थान अब्बासी खलीफाओं ने ले लिया। उमय्यद वंश को मुस्लिम राजनीतिक व्यवस्था के केंद्रीयकरण के लिए भारी कीमत चुकानी पड़ी। इस घटना को 'अब्बासी क्रांति' का नाम दिया जाता है।

अब्बासियों ने उमय्यद शासन को दुष्ट बताया और यह दावा किया कि वे पैगंबर मोहम्मद के मूल इस्लाम की फिर से स्थापना करेंगे। अब्बासियों का विद्रोह पूर्वी ईरान में स्थित खुरासन में प्रारंभ हुआ। यहां पर अरब और ईरानियों की मिली-जुली संस्कृति थी। यहां पर अरब सैनिक मुख्यत: इराक से आए थे। उन्हें सीरियाई लोगों का प्रभुत्व पसंद नहीं था। खुरासन के अरब नागरिक भी उमय्यद शासन से घृणा करते थे। 

Durkheim's perspective on religion: • He has defined it as a 'unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things that is things set apart and forbidden beliefs and practices which unite one single moral community called a church. • According to Durkheim in every religion a distinction is made between sacred and profane • Sacred things include an element of supernatural. • Profane things are kept at distance from sacred and are considered away from religion

Max Weber's perspective on religion: • He started his theory of religion in his book entitled " The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” • Calvinism (protestants) exerted an important influence on the emergence and growth of capitalism characterized to earn money and to re-invest profit as a mode of economic organization. • The Calvinist believed that the world was created for the glory of god that any work in this world has to be done for his glory, making even mundane work's acts of glory. • Calvinist also believed in the concept of pre destination which meant whether one will go to heaven or hell was pre ordained. • The money earned was not to be used for worldly consumption rather the ethics of calvinism was to live frugally.

We have unlimited wants and limited resources. For example, If we have more pocket money to spend then we can get all the things according to our wish but if we have less pocket money then we have to choose only those things that we want the most. For example, there are two goods in the economy; wheat and shoes. Then we have to choose the good that we want the most because of limited resources and unlimited wants. Scarcity is the root of all economic problems.

1. Agriculture and animal rearing were carried out close to each other in this region. Some communities in the kingdom of Mari had both farmers and pastoralists, but most of its territory was used for pasturing sheep and goats.

2. Herders need to exchange young animals, cheese, leather and meat in return for grain, metal tools, etc., and the manure of a penned flock is also of great use to a farmer. Yet, at the same time, there may be conflict.

3. A shepherd may take his flock to water across a sown field, to the ruin of the crop. Herdsmen being mobile can raid agricultural villages and seize their stored goods. For their part, settled groups may deny pastoralists access to river and canal water along a certain set of paths.

The traditional religious culture:

(i) The traditional religious culture of the classical world, both Greek and Roman, had been polytheist . That is, it involved a multiplicity of cults that included both Roman/Italian gods like Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Mars, as well as numerous Greek and eastern deities worshipped in thousands of temples, shrines and sanctuaries throughout the empire.

(ii) Polytheists had no common name or label to describe themselves. The other great religious tradition in the empire was Judaism. But Judaism was not a monolith either, and there was a great deal of diversity within the Jewish communities of late antiquity.

(iii) Thus, the ‘Christianisation, of the empire in the fourth and fifth centuries was a gradual and complex process. Polytheism did not disappear overnight, especially in the western provinces, where the Christian bishops waged a running battle against beliefs and practices they condemned more than the Christian laity did.

(iv) The boundaries between religious communities were much more fluid in the fourth century than they would become thanks to the repeated efforts of religious leaders, the powerful bishops who now led the Church, to rein in their followers and enforce a more rigid set of beliefs and practices.

The culture of ancient Rome existed throughout the almost 1200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome. The term refers to the culture of the Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which at its peak covered an area from Lowland Scotland and Morocco to the Euphrates.

Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, its famed seven hills, and its monumental architecture such as the Colosseum, Trajan's Forum, and the Pantheon. The city also had several theaters, gymnasia, and many taverns, baths, and brothels. Throughout the territory under ancient Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, there were imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word palace is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into insulae (apartment blocks).

The solidus was introduced by Diocletian in AD 301 as a replacement of the aureus, composed of relatively solid gold, minted 60 to the Roman pound.