A Voucher in Accounting is a document , which provides the evidence of the occurrence of a transactions is called Voucher. Voucher is also called the Source Document . A voucher is also prepared to show the necessary details in respect of a transaction where there may not be any documentary evidence, particularly in respect of small transactions like petty expenses.

• Social change is inevitable in social life and relationship.
• Evolutionary theories views society as moving in a definite direction and cause changes.
• Social changes may occur in the internal or external aspects of the structure of society.

External change refers to changes in forms of family, marriage, class, caste and kinship etc.

• Internal changes refer to changes in the norms and values of the society.
• The rate of change of internal aspects is always slow because the social norms, values and belief gradually become part of the core of personality.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) store, analyze, and visualize data for geographic positions on Earth’s surface. GIS is a computer-based tool that examines spatial relationships, patterns, and trends. By connecting geography with data, GIS better understands data using a geographic context.

The 4 main ideas of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are:

• Create geographic data.
• Manage it in a database.
• Analyze and find patterns.
• Visualize it on a map.

Fixed Assets− These are those assets that are hold for the long term and increase the profit earning capacity and productive capacity of the business. These assets are not meant for sale, for example, land, building machinery, etc.

Current Assets− Assets that can be easily converted into cash or cash equivalents are termed as current assets. These are required to run day to day business activities; for example, cash, debtors, stock, etc.

Tangible Assets− Assets that have physical existence, i.e., which can be seen and touched, are tangible assets; for example, car, furniture, building, etc.

Intangible Assets− Assets that cannot be seen or touched, i.e. those assets that do not have physical existence, are intangible assets; for example, goodwill, patents, trade mark, etc.

Liquid Assets− Assets that are kept either in cash or cash equivalents are regarded as liquid assets. These can be converted into cash in a very short period of time; for example, cash, bank, bills receivable,Flexible Investments etc.

Fictitious Assets− These are the heavy revenue expenditures, the benefit of whose can be derived in more than one year. They represent loss or expense that are written off over a period of time, for example, if Research and Development expenditure is Rs 1,00,000 for 5 years, then each year Rs 2,00,000 will be written off.

The grandmother was very old. She was slightly bent. She couldn’t stand and walk with her body in an upright position. She had to keep one of her two hands on her waist. She did so to balance her stoop.

The grandmother was very old. She was slightly bent in her physique.
So she could not stand and walk with her body in an upright position.
She had to keep one of the two hands on her waist she did so to balance her stoop.

Let 'u' be the initial velocity and 'a' the acceleration.
So we have the distance formula
s = ut + 1/2 at^2
In first 2 seconds,
s = 200
Put the values in the formula.
200 = u x 2 + 1/2 x a x (2)^2
200 = 2u + 1/2 x 4 x a
200 = 2u + 2a
100 = u + a -----(I)
In next 4 seconds
Let the distance traveled be 'y'
Time = 2+4 = 6 sec
So according to the formula ,
y = u x 6 + 1/2a x (6)^2
y = 6u + 1/2 x 36 x a
y = 6u + 18a ------(ii)
Now we know that 220 cm was traveled in between 2 sec - 6 sec
y - 200 = 220
y = 420
We know y = 6u + 18a (from [ii])
So, 6u + 18a = 420
u + 3a = 70 ------(iii)
Equating (I) and (iii)
-2a = 30
a = -15 cm/s^2
u = 100 - (-15)
u = 100 + 15 = 115 cm/sec
Now we know v = u + at
We have to find the "v" after 7th second
So v = 115 + (-15) x 7
v = 115 - 105
v = 10 cm/sec

(i) There are 11 letters in the word 'MATHEMATICS' . Out of these letters M occurs twice, A occurs twice, T occurs twice and the rest are all different.
Hence, the total number of arrangements of the given letters
=11!/ (2!)×(2!)×(2!)=4989600. 
(ii) The given word contains 4 vowels AEAI as one letter, we have to arrange 8 letters MATHMTCS + AEAI, out of which M occurs twice, T occurs twice and the rest are all different.
So, the number of all such arrangements =8!/ (2!)×(2!)=10080 
Now, out of 4 vowels, A occurs twice and the rest are all distinct.
So, the number of arrangements of these vowels =4!/2!=12 
Hence, the number of arrangement in which 4 vowels are together =(10080×12)=120960.

पृथ्वी की आंतरिक संरचना की विशेषताओं के संबंध में मानव ज्ञान अधिकांशतः अनुमानों और प्रेक्षणों पर आधारित है। पृथ्वी की आंतरिक संरचना के विषय में जानकारी के स्रोतों को दो श्रेणियों में विभाजित किया गया है: a) प्रत्यक्ष स्रोत और b) अप्रत्यक्ष स्रोत।

प्रत्यक्ष स्रोत: 

• खनन एवं ड्रिलिंग की प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से चट्टानों और खनिजों का निष्कर्षण किया जाता है जिससे यह जानकारी प्राप्त होती है कि क्रस्ट का निर्माण परतों के रूप में हुआ है।
• ज्वालामुखी विस्फोट से ज्ञात होता है कि पृथ्वी के आंतरिक भाग में एक क्षेत्र अत्यधिक तप्त एवं अर्द्ध-तरल अवस्था में है। हालांकि खनन और ड्रिलिंग से पृथ्वी की ऊपरी परतों के संबंध में केवल सीमित ज्ञान ही प्राप्त होता है। प्रत्यक्ष स्रोत अधिक विश्वसनीय नहीं हैं क्योंकि ये प्रत्यक्ष रूप से पृथ्वी की सतह की एक निश्चित गहराई के संबंध में ही जानकारी प्रदान करने में सक्षम होते हैं।

अप्रत्यक्ष स्रोत: भूकंपीय तरंगें, गुरुत्वाकर्षण क्षेत्र, चुंबकीय क्षेत्र, गिरते उल्का पिंड आदि अप्रत्यक्ष स्रोतों के उदाहरण हैं।

• पृथ्वी के आंतरिक भागों में गहराई बढ़ने के साथ तापमान और दबाव में भी वृद्धि होती है एवं साथ ही गहराई बढ़ने पर पदार्थ के घनत्व में भी वृद्धि होती है।
• पृथ्वी की सतह पर विभिन्न स्थानों पर पाई जाने वाली गुरुत्व विसंगतियां (Gravity anomalies) पृथ्वी के क्रस्ट (भूपर्पटी) में पदार्थ के द्रव्यमान के असमान वितरण के संबंध में जानकारी प्रदान करती है।
• भूकंपीय तरंगों की गति और संचरण में हुए परिवर्तनों से जानकारी प्राप्त होती है कि पृथ्वी का आंतरिक भाग तीन परतों से मिलकर बना है और प्रत्येक परत का घनत्व भिन्न है, जिसमें पृथ्वी के केंद्र की ओर जाने पर वृद्धि होती है।
• चुंबकीय सर्वेक्षण से पृथ्वी के क्रस्ट में चुंबकीय पदार्थों के वितरण के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त होती है।
• उल्का पिंड भले ही पृथ्वी के आंतरिक भाग से नहीं निकलते हों, किन्तु इन्हें जानकारी का अन्य स्रोत माना जा सकता है।

उपर्युक्त वर्णित स्रोतों के अतिरिक्त, वैज्ञानिकों ने “डीप ओशन ड्रिलिंग प्रोजेक्ट” और “इंटीग्रेटेड ओशन ड्रिलिंग प्रोजेक्ट” पर भी कार्य किया है, ताकि विभिन्न गहराइयों में प्राप्त होने वाले पदार्थों के विश्लेषण के माध्यम से पृथ्वी की आंतरिक संरचना के विषय में जानकारी एकत्रित की जा सके।

To

The Chairman National Library

Sub -- Necessity of a furnished library in our locality

Dear Sir,

I would request you to open a fully furnished library in our locality as soon as possible. As a matter of fact, libraries play an important role in the life of a nation. It is essential for the enhancement of moral, educational and social values of a society. Our area is thickly populated that needs a major library. The absence of an open library creates inconvenience for the general population, especially the students. Attainment of learning is the fundamental right of all the individuals of a society."

"The Chairman

National Library

Sub -- Necessity of a furnished library in our locality

Dear Sir,

I would request you to open a fully furnished library in our locality as soon as possible. As a matter of fact, libraries play an important role in the life of a nation. It is essential for the enhancement of moral, educational and social values of a society. Our area is thickly populated that needs a major library. The absence of an open library creates inconvenience for the general population, especially the students. Attainment of learning is the fundamental right of all the individuals of a society."

Besides the disastrous crack in the starboard side, the crew and captain had to face further adversities. Explain.

• Introduction – No radio signals – Hand pumps failed due to debris (duh-bree) – Three other hand pumps were wrenched overboard – Electric pumps short circuited – Could not hoist sail on the main mast – Compass needed magnetic correction – Sue’s injury was posing another threat.