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The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that ‘two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately are in thermal equilibrium with each other’. The Zeroth Law leads to the concept of temperature. 2. Internal energy of a system is the sum of kinetic energies and potential energies of the molecular constituents of the system. It does not include the over-all kinetic energy of the system. Heat and work are two modes of energy transfer to the system. Heat is the energy transfer arising due to temperature difference between the system and the surroundings. Work is energy transfer brought about by other means, such as moving the piston of a cylinder containing the gas, by raising or lowering some weight connected to it. 3. The first law of thermodynamics is the general law of conservation of energy applied to any system in which energy transfer from or to the surroundings (through heat and work) is taken into account. It states that ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W where ∆Q is the heat supplied to the system, ∆W is the work done by the system and ∆U is the change in internal energy of the system. Now suppose η R < ηI i.e. if R were to act as an engine it would give less work output than that of I i.e. W < W ′ for a given Q1 . With R acting like a refrigerator, this would mean Q2 = Q1 – W > Q1 – W ′. Thus, on the whole, the coupled I-R system extracts heat (Q1 – W) – (Q1 – W ′) = (W ′ – W ) from the cold reservoir and delivers the same amount of work in one cycle, without any change in the source or anywhere else. This is clearly against the Kelvin-Planck statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Hence the assertion ηI > η R is wrong. No engine can have efficiency greater than that of the Carnot engine. A similar argument can be constructed to show that a reversible engine with one particular substance cannot be more efficient than the one using another substance. The maximum efficiency of a Carnot engine given by Eq. (12.32) is independent of the nature of the system performing the Carnot cycle of operations. Thus we are justified in using an ideal gas as a system in the calculation of efficiency η of a Carnot engine. The ideal gas has a simple equation of state, which allows us to readily calculate η, but the final result for η, [Eq. (12.32)], is true for any Carnot engine. This final remark shows that in a Carnot cycle, 2 1 2 1 T T = Q Q (12.33) is a universal relation independent of the nature of the system. Here Q1 and Q2 are respectively, the heat absorbed and released isothermally (from the hot and to the cold reservoirs) in a Carnot engine. Equation (12.33), can, therefore, be used as a relation to define a truly universal thermodynamic temperature scale that is independent of any particular properties of the system used in the Carnot cycle. Of course, for an ideal gas as a working substance, this universal temperature is the same as the ideal gas temperature introduced in section 12.11. I R W Fig. 12.12 An irreversible engine (I) coupled to a reversible refrigerator (R). If W ′ > W, this would amount to extraction of heat W′ – W from the sink and its full conversion to work, in contradiction with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2020-21

Posted by Badal Barasiya 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Physics

0 answers

ANSWER

Which book is required for painting?

Posted by Naman Tekriwal 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Painting

3 answers

Kripa Agrawal 5 years, 4 months ago

A3size Cortragge sheetbook

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Priya Rani 5 years, 4 months ago

A4 size sheetbook

3Thank You

Simran Sorarhi 5 years, 4 months ago

A4 size sheet book

5Thank You

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Satin tatha saitin bunai mai antr btaye

Posted by Kajal Kushwaha 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Home Science

0 answers

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Write the relative error in z=A^p B^q / C^r

Posted by B S 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Physics

2 answers

Chitresh Khandal 5 years, 4 months ago

PA+qB+rC is this the answer

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Kalki Kalki 5 years, 4 months ago

Open App Salaam Rocky Bhai PLAY Chal ne ka hukum Ruk ne ka hukum Zindagi pe hukum Maut pe hukum Bandook pe hukum Dushman pe hukum Leharon pe hukum Bombai pe hukum Jaan Bambai ka, jaan Bambai ka Jaan Bambai ka jaane re Iski aankhon mein aankh na daalo Noch leta hai praan ve Aag toofan jab bhi milta hai Aisa barood paida hota hai Aye Khuda zara dekho Logon ke dil mein sultan dekho Dushman ko yeh hai shaitan dekho Aye Khuda zara roko Ruk ne wala karta Mud ne wala karta Bombai ki galiyan bhi Ghabra ke yun bolenge saala Salaam Rocky bhai Rock, Rock, Rocky Salaam Rocky bhai Salaam Rocky Bhai Salam Rocky bhai Ilaaka tera bhai Tu hai sabka bhai music........ Maa ne dua diya tum to panga liya jeetoge tum duniya khuda hairaan hoga maksad pura hoga ulta tairon dariyan kaun isko rokega kaha se layega fauj ko ek me bhi himmat bhi nahi hai panga lene ko jab bhi jaada hai haath loha hai jag ko bechain karne ka ye funda hai hat zara khatra hai apne wala karza murne wala karza mumbai ki galiyan bhi ghabra ke bolegi saala Salaam Rocky bhai Rock, Rock, Rocky Salaam Rocky bhai Salaam Rocky Bhai Salam Rocky bhai Ilaaka tera bhai Tu hai sabka bhai

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How does geography act as an integrating discipline? Explain with examples.

Posted by Amalandu Chakma 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Geography

1 answers

Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago

Geography as an integrated discipline because Geography is all about nature and environment. It covers whole physical areas in the planet, and holistic nature.

Geography connects people with nature or environment. People can know about general knowledges from Geography. It connects people with the world. Earth, sky, lands you can know anything about world from Geography.

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Write a program to enter length and breadth and find area of rectangle

Posted by Xi - B-23-Sai Ram Patra 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Informatics Practices

1 answers

Tec Om 5 years, 4 months ago

a=float(input("enter the length")) b=float(input("enter the breath")) area of rectangle=a*b print(area of rectangle)

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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: One of the greatest advances in modern technology has been the invention of computers. They are widely used in industries and in universities , Now there is hardly any sphere of human life where computers have not been pressed into service of man.We are heading fast towards the day when a computer will be as much part of man's daily life as a telephone or a calculator. 2: Computers are capable of doing extremely complicated work in all branches of learning They can solve the most complex mathematical problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order. These machines can be put to varied uses. For instance, they can provide information on the best way to prevent traffic jams. This whole process by which machines can be used to work for us has been called automation .in the future automation may enable human beings to enjoy more leisure than they do today. The coming of automation is bound to have important social consequences. 3 some years ago expert on automation, sir leon bagrit,pointed out that it was a mistake to believe that these machines ". through computers are capable of learning from their mistakes and improving o their performance, they need detailed instructions from human beings to operate. they can never, as it were, lead independent lives or " rule the world " by making decisions of their own. 4 sir leon said that in future, computers would be developed which would be small enough to carry in the pocket. ordinary people would then be able to use them to obtain valuable information. computers could be plugged into a national network and be used like radios. for instance, people going on holiday could be informed about weather conditions. car drivers can be given alternative routes when there are traffic jams. it will also be possible to make tiny translating machines. this will enable people who do not share a common language to talk to each other without any difficulty or to read foreign publications. 5 it is impossible to assess the importance of a machine of this sort, for many international misunderstandings are caused simply due to our failure to understand each other. computers will also be used in ordinary public hospitals. by providing a machine with a patient 's system, a doctor will be able to diagnose the nature of his illness. similarly machines could be used to keep a check on a patient's health record and keep it up to date. doctor will, therefore, have immediate access to great many facts which will help them in their work. Answer the following questions briefly: a. state main capabilities of computer ( any two) b. what is automation? c. what benefi can man derive from automation? d. why can't computer repolace man ? e. find the synonyms of the following words from the passage: (1 ) results (2) monotonous

Posted by Karishma Garg 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > English Core

0 answers

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geography as an integrating discipline meaning

Posted by Amalandu Chakma 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Geography

0 answers

ANSWER

How to draw the hybridization diagram,,?

Posted by Dεερακ Ȿιηɠꜧ 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Chemistry

3 answers

Dεερακ Ȿιηɠꜧ 5 years, 4 months ago

4s $$\boxed{↑\↓}$$ 3d $$\{↑\ \|\↑\ \|\ ↑\ \|\↑\ \| \ \}$$ 4s $$\boxed{↑\↓}$$ 3d $$\↑\ \|\↑\ \|\ ↑\ \|\↑\ \| \ \$$

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Dεερακ Ȿιηɠꜧ 5 years, 4 months ago

4s $$\boxed{↑\↓}$$ 3d $$\boxed{↑\ \|\↑\ \|\ ↑\ \|\↑\ \| \ \}$$ 4s $$\boxed{↑↓}$$ 3d $$\boxed{↑\ \|\↑\ \|\ ↑\ \|\↑\ \| \ \}$$

0Thank You

Dεερακ Ȿιηɠꜧ 5 years, 4 months ago

4s $$\boxed{↑\↓}$$ 3d $$\boxed{↑\ \|\↑\ \|\ ↑\ \|\↑\ \| \ \}$$ 4s $$\boxed{↑\↓}$$ 3d $$↑\ \|\↑\ \|\ ↑\ \|\↑\ \| \ \$$

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How can prepare theory base chapter to score ? percentage

Posted by Tanya Tiwari 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Accountancy

1 answers

Shivam Class 12 5 years, 4 months ago

Read them properly and then make their own notes without taking help and rectify it from any other good notes to make theory easy

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Difference between early and late afolescence(3marks)

Posted by Beth Chiinthiannem 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Home Science

1 answers

Edward Gland 5 years, 4 months ago

Please go through the textbook and you'll find all the answers

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Which of the following is an incorrect conversion factor? (1)- 1 metre =39.37 inches, (2)-1 inch=3.33 cm, (3)-1 litre =(10^_3 m ^3), (4)- 1 atm=1.01325 ×10^5 pa

Posted by Niraj Kumar 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Chemistry

1 answers

Abirami Kamalbabu 5 years, 4 months ago

(2) 1 inch = 3.33cm is the incorrect one. Actually 1 inch = 2.54 cm

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What is data type

Posted by Shenmon Pohdweng 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Informatics Practices

3 answers

Amit Singh 5 years, 4 months ago

Every value/literal belong to a particular data type in python. Data type means which type of value we have . String , integer , Boolean , list , tuple etc.

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Tec Om 5 years, 4 months ago

In Python, the data type is set when you assign a value to a variable

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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago

Data type is defined as a set of values that a variable can store along with a set of operations that can be performed on that variable. Data type specifies the type of data that is to be used in a program.

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Where is famous flower valley situated ?

Posted by Anushka Kumari 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Geography

1 answers

Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago

Valley of Flowers National Park is an Indian national park, located in North Chamoli and Pithoragarh, in the state of Uttarakhand and is known for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and the variety of flora.

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Name the 29th state of india

Posted by Anushka Kumari 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Geography

2 answers

Sumit Rajput 5 years, 2 months ago

But at present Jammu and Kashmir is not a state it is a UT

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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago

States (in alphabetical order)	Capital City
Andhra Pradesh	Amravathi [*Hyderabad initially]
Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar
Assam	Dispur
Bihar	Patna
Chhattisgarh	Raipur
Goa	Panaji
Gujarat	Gandhinagar
Haryana	Chandigarh (shared with Punjab)
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla
Jammu & Kashmir	Srinagar (Summer) Jammu (Winter)
Jharkhand	Ranchi
Karnataka	Bangalore
Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal
Maharashtra	Mumbai
Manipur	Imphal
Meghalaya	Shillong
Mizoram	Aizawl
Nagaland	Kohima
Odisha (Orissa)	Bhubaneshwar
Punjab	Chandigarh (shared with Haryana)
Rajasthan	Jaipur
Sikkim	Gangtok
Tamil Nadu	Chennai
Telangana (from June 2, 2014)	Hyderabad
Tripura	Agartala
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow
Uttarakhand	Dehradun
West Bengal	Kolkata

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You were quite disturbed to see that cases of dengue are on rise in your city write a letter to the CMO complaining about this and making an apil to take some steps to control it and create awareness among the residents how to protect themselves from this problem

Posted by Namit K 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > English Core

0 answers

ANSWER

When the brakes of car 90km/are locked how much further will it said that if the brakes are locked at 30km/hr

Posted by Prastuti Shukla 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Physics

2 answers

Ashish Chauhan 5 years, 4 months ago

D=S×T D=90×-3 D=-270 m

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Ashish Chauhan 5 years, 4 months ago

V= u+at O=90+30t t= -90/30 t = -3 s

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The distance between two town M and N is 400 kk. Cars A and B starts simultaneously from towns M and N towards each other. Speed of car A and B are 60 km/hr and 40km/hr. Find the point where they meet and the time taken for them to meet

Posted by Surjalata Singh 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Physics

0 answers

ANSWER

Find with the help of table of nine values the price of 517 1/2 litre of milk is 1 litre of milk cost rupees 2 equal to 20 paise.

Posted by Sakshi Bhardwaj 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Applied Maths

0 answers

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The surrender value of fire insurance policy is a) Amount of policy b)50% of amount of policy c)Amount of Premium d)Zero

Posted by Saloni ? 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Business Studies

2 answers

Esther Joseph 5 years, 4 months ago

there is no surrender value in fire insurance policy.There is no element of investment in the policy of fire insurance.

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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago

Surrender of Insurance Policy means to cash of life insurance policy before benefits are due to be paid. The Surrender Value of an Insurance Policy is the amount given to the insured at a time, when he is unable to pay premium related to Insurance Policy.

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Hybridization??

Posted by Aadya Singh 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Chemistry

3 answers

Dεερακ Ȿιηɠꜧ 5 years, 4 months ago

Intermixing of different level of energy of orbital is known as HYBRIDIZATION

seeing you after a long time , where was you??

1Thank You

Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago

We know orbitals of last shell overlap with each other. The overlapping is of two types:

Head to head(sigma bond)
Sidewise(pi bond)

Overlapping of orbitals takes place between which has same energy. If in case, the orbitals have different energy they can’t overlap. Hybridization is the intermixing of orbitals of slightly different energies, so as to redistribute their energy and give rise to new set of orbitals that are similar in shapes and energy.

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Legendary 5 years, 4 months ago

Intwr mixing of orbitals to firm bonding orbitala

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</a>?

Posted by Dhruv ... 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Economics

3 answers

Legendary 5 years, 4 months ago

Bhot acche se

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Legendary 5 years, 4 months ago

Rora hai bichara dukh se grast hai

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Aadya Singh 5 years, 4 months ago

kya hua dhruv?? Chakkar aa rhe kya legendary ki baat sun k?? ????

1Thank You

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Yebto username hai lol

Posted by Legendary 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Mathematics

1 answers

Legendary 5 years, 4 months ago

Nopes

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listen, you're just a student like us.... Don't be oversmart ok... We aren't fools here who will consider u a teacher!!! that's it!

Posted by ?S.S.? 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Computer Science

1 answers

Dεερακ Ȿιηɠꜧ 5 years, 4 months ago

nice shardha new acc

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I am insaan

Posted by Legendary 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Mathematics

1 answers

Legendary 5 years, 4 months ago

<font size ="72><a href = "https://mycbseguide.com/questions/821526/">I am also a kid

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What is dhanteras???

Posted by Dhruv ... 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Physics

4 answers

Legendary 5 years, 4 months ago

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Aadya Singh 5 years, 4 months ago

1Thank You

Dhruv ... 5 years, 4 months ago

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Legendary 5 years, 4 months ago

Feastival

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How is economic problems essentially the problem of choice

Posted by Pragya Gupta 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Economics

3 answers

Pragya Gupta 5 years, 4 months ago

Dhruv no need for that . Forget that

1Thank You

Pragya Gupta 5 years, 4 months ago

Thanks yogita ?

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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago

Economic Problem Problem of choice or a problem of allocation of resources is the major economic problem which arises due to scarce resources and alternative uses of resources. With this meaning we have several other aspects also to study which are:

(i) Scarcity It refers to the situation where demand for a good exceed its supply.

(ii) Choice It refers to the process of selection from available limited resources .

Or in more simple way

‘Scarcity causes choice’

‘Choice implies decision-making’

‘Decision-making’ relates to usage of limited resources in a manner that consumer maximises his satisfaction, producer maximises his profits and a nation maximises its social welfare.

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Explain the double entry mechanism with an illustrative example

Posted by Ravi Dabariya 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Accountancy

1 answers

Yogita Ingle 5 years, 4 months ago

In double entry mechanism, every transaction affects and recorded in two accounts. While recording the transactions in double entry, it is ensured that the total amount debited equals to the total amount credited

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Class 11 Textbook 3.27 problem

Posted by Usha M.R 5 years, 4 months ago

CBSE > Class 11 > Physics