1. Arab's Contribution in the Field of Science :

(i) The Arabs produced great physicians like Al-Razi and Ibn-Sina who respectively discovered the true nature of smallpox and tuberculosis. They organised hospitals, for the treatment of the infectious diseases.

ii). In Mathematics the Arabs spread the knowledge of numbers and trigonometry in the other regions of the world Omar-Khayyam a great Mathematicians of Arab devised a calendar which is more accurate than the present Christian Calendar.

iii). The Arab astronomers believed that the earth revolves round the sun.

iv). In Chemistry, the Arbs discovered many new compounds like sodium carbonate, silver nitrate, Nitric and sulphuric acids.

2. Arab's Contribution in the Field of Culture :

i). In literature, the Arab classic "The Arabian Nights" a collection of 1001 stories "Rubaiyat" by Omar Khayyam, "Shahnama" by Al-Firdausi are famous all over the world.

ii). The buildings of the Arabs and bulb like domes, small minarets, horse shoe arches and twisted columns.

3. Arab's Contribution in other Fields :

i). The Arabs propounded the ideal of equality and brotherhood.

ii). Arab carpets, leather work, metal work, beautiful, swords and enamelled glass.

Accounting can be defined as a process of reporting, recording, interpreting and summarising economic data. ... Economic Events- It is a consequence of a company has to undergo when the number of monetary transactions is involved.

Accounting is the art of recording, classifying, summarizing in a significant manner, transactions and events which are of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof.

Branches of Accounting: 
 There are basically 3 branches of accounting:

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING - deals with the recording of financial transactions, events, summarising and interpreting them & in the end communicating them to the interested parties. Its role is confined to preparation of financial statements i.e: Profit/Loss Account and Balance Sheets.
COST ACCOUNTING -   deals with the ascertainment of cost of the manufactured products or services rendered and helps the management in Decision Making & exercising control.
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING - deals with preparation of management reports and accounts that give accurate and timely financial and statistical information required by managers to make day - to - day and short-term decisions.

Population growth is the increase in the number of people living in a particular area. Since populations can grow exponentially, resource depletion can occur rapidly, leading to specific environmental concerns such as global warming, deforestation and decreasing biodiversity. In general, population growth plays a key role in environmental sustainability. It can lead to the deforestation, water pollution, and air pollution. These have a negative effect on the environment and also impact human daily lives. Governments and agencies must now mitigate how and where they will use resources.

The earth's four principal biological systems namely, fisheries, forests, grasslands and croplands are the foundation of the global economic system. In addition to supplying food, these systems provide virtually all the raw materials for industry except minerals and petroleum-derived synthetics.

Man has entertained many false illusions. He considers himself to be the lord of this world. His arrogance and misdeeds have caused untold havoc and destruction. He considers that he has a freehold on this earth. He can indulge himself in plundering of natural wealth and resources at will. The protein-conscious and hungry world has ruined fishing. Forests are disappearing at the rate of an acre and a half every second. Grasslands and croplands are being converted into wastelands and deserts. Man is the most dangerous animal of the world who has made this earth an ailing planet.
We should remember that we are not the masters but only the trustees of this planet. We owe a duty to leave this earth in good health and good shape to the coming generations. As Margaret Thatcher says we have only a life tenancy and not the ownership. Nor have we inherited this world from our forefathers. We have borrowed it from our children. At all costs we have to maintain a sustainable development. We must meet our present needs without harming the interests and needs of the coming generations.

This world can’t be studied in isolation. The mechanical view of the world gives a distorted picture. We need to develop a holistic view of the world. It is a comprehensive view of the world with all its natural resources and species. Human beings are just a part of it. Like a human body this earth is a living organism. It has its own metabolism. We should not destroy this natural growth and functioning of the world.

A holistic and ecological view – It refers to the view that calls for the preservation of the planet. The holistic and ecological view refers to understanding the importance of earth's resources and environment for the future generations. The ecological design perspective is about how the system or product works within its external environment. It is about how the system or product is used in its context and how the system or product interacts or communicates with its environment in the process.

The signs of the earth connected with life necessary for staying alive show that the earth is a patient in declining health. Its deserts are advancing, landscapes are being impoverished and environment is ailing. Aerial photography using satellites has revealed that the environment has deteriorated very badly in many parts of the world. In fact, it has became critical in many of the eighty eight countries investigated. The concept of sustainable development and green movement can help the ailing planet to survive. People must discharge their moral responsibility as stewards of the planet and trustees of the legacy of the future generations. The plundering of the natural resources should be controlled. These must be preserved for the future generations.

Certainly, man has been the most dangerous animal that ever lived on this earth.
He has swallowed fisheries, forest, grasslands and croplands. The notice at a cage in the zoo at lusaka reads the world's most dangerous animal.
Inside the case there is no animal but only a mirror where you can see yourself.
The mirror reflects the image of the real villain . He is none else than the man himself.

Role of industry in the new era of responsibility: Industry is the main source of environmental pollution. In the new era of responsibility, the industrialists must become conscious of their responsibility towards environment. They should remain environmental friendly even when they exist as leading manufacturers.

The total forest area is 4.06 billion hectares, or approximately 5 000m2 (or 50 x 100m) per person, but forests are not equally distributed around the globe. Half of the forests that originally covered 48 percent of the Earth's land surface are gone. Only one-fifth of the Earth's original forests remain pristine and undisturbed. In North America, more than half of the coastal temperate rainforests, once extending from California to Alaska, have been destroyed.

The Green movement:   it is a diverse scientific, social, conservation, and political movement that broadly addresses the concerns of the environment. It was started in 1972. It aims at creating a holistic and ecological view of the world.

   It has become more popular because nowadays the population was increasing so, because of population people need more space and they were cutting down forests commonly as deforestation, and for those populations we need clothes, food, etc and that we industries for producing those things. For setting up those industries we need space and then we also cut the forests, then again deforestation.

The following line means that nobody owns the earth for themselves. Humans are mere tenants of the earth, and have the responsibility of looking after it and leaving it as they found it on the day they were born. 

Adam Smith was an 18th-century Scottish economist, philosopher, and author, and is considered the father of modern economics. However, Samuelson became the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Economics (1970) for his work to transform the fundamental nature of the discipline.

“There was an arduous journey ahead but it was time to let the whole world know loud and clear that India was wide awake. The rest is history. Looking back, Narasimha Rao can truly be called the father of economic reforms in India,” the former prime minister said.

It is composed of the following constituents:

• Phospholipids – forms the ultimate fabric of the membrane
• Peripheral proteins – present on the outer or inner surface of phospholipid bilayer but are not implanted in the hydrophobic core
• Cholesterol – folded between the hydrophobic tails of phospholipid membrane
• Carbohydrates – found to be attached to the lipids or proteins on the extracellular side of the membrane, leading to the formation of glycolipids and glycoproteins
• Integral proteins – found to be implanted in the phospholipid bilayer

Transhumanism is a class of philosophies of life that seek the continuation and acceleration of the evolution of intelligent life beyond its currently human form and human limitations by means of science and technology, guided by life-promoting principles and values.

1. A cash book consists of first entries or original entries whereas a cash account is a ledger account and posts here are originally entered somewhere else.
2. Cash books contain narration that comes after entry but in a cash account, there is no need for narration.
3. A cash book is a subsidiary book whereas a cash account is a ledger account.
4. In terms of folios, cash books have ledger folios while cash accounts have journal folios. Cash books have a ledger folio which stands for the page number of a ledger account from where a transaction was posted.
5. Cash accounts have a journal folio which stands for the page number from where the transaction was posted.