Living things are made up of cells and are capable of carrying out various cellular activities. The different features that best describe what a living thing is, are mentioned below:

• Growth is usually defined by the increase in mass and number of individual organisms. Humans visibly grow up to a certain age, but the cells keep on dividing and thus new cells in the body keep on replacing the old ones.
• Reproduction is the process by which an organism produces an individual like its own.

The founder of Islam was Prophet Muhammad. 

• Cilia and flagella are hair-like outgrowths of the cell membrane.
• Cilia and flagella help in cell movement.
• Core of cilia and flagella is called the axoneme, possesses a number of microtubules running parallel to the long axis.
• The axoneme usually has nine pairs of doublets of radially arranged peripheral microtubules, and a pair of centrally located microtubules. Such an arrangement of axonemal microtubules is referred to as the 9+2 array.
• The central tubules are connected by bridges and is also enclosed by a central sheath, which is connected to one of the tubules of each peripheral doublets by a radial spoke and hence there are nine radial spokes.
• The peripheral doublets are also interconnected by linkers.
• Both the cilium and flagellum emerge from centriole-like structure called the basal bodies.

During interphase a number of changes take place so as to prepare the cell for division. During this period, the cell experiences growth and DNA replication.

The interphase is divided into three phases, which are as follows:

(i) G1 phase (Gap 1): During this phase, the cell is metabolically active and continuously grows and prepares its DNA for replication.

(ii) S phase (Synthesis): During this phase, DNA synthesis or replication takes place. In this phase, the amount of DNA per cell doubles, but the number of chromosomes remain the same.

(iii) G2 phase (Gap 2): During this phase, proteins and RNA synthesis take place so to prepare the cell for mitosis. The cell growth continues during this phase.

A) Work function of caesium (WO) = hv_o

Therefore v_o = W_O/h = 1.9 x1.602 x10^-19 / 6.626x10^-34

= 4.59x10¹⁴/sec

B) λ_o =c/v_o = 3x10⁸ / 4.59x10¹⁴ = 6.54x10^-7m

C) K.E of ejected electron = h(v-v_o) = hc(1/λ – 1/ λ_o)

=(6.626x3x10^-26) (1/500x10^-9 – 1/654x10^-9)

=(6.626x3x10^-26) / 10^-9(154/500x654)

= 9.36x10^-20J

k.E = 1mv²/2 = 9.36x10^-20J

=9.1x10^-31/2 = 9.36x10^-20J

Or

v2 = 20.55x10¹⁰m²s^-2

Or

v = 4.53x10⁵ms^-1

Body waves are earthquake waves which are generated due to the release of energy at the focus. They radiate and move in all directions from the point of hypocentre or the ‘focus’ and travel through the body of the earth. Hence the name body waves.

There are two types of body waves. They are called P and S-waves

Homologous chromosomes are the chromosomes which are similar but not identical. These are similar in length, gene position and centromere location. The stage in which paired homologous chromosomes get shortened and thickened is diplotene stage of Prophase1 of Meiosis
1. The homologous chromosomes undergo genetic recombination. The chromosomes reduce to homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1 and then to sister chromatids in meiosis
2. The homologous chromosomes first exchange their DNA in next phase they orient themselves randomly at the equator. Reduction division of homologus chromosomes takes place in meiosis.

Homologous chromosomes are the chromosomes which are similar but not identical. These are similar in length, gene position and centromere location. The stage in which paired homologous chromosomes get shortened and thickened is diplotene stage of Prophase1 of Meiosis
1. The homologous chromosomes undergo genetic recombination. The chromosomes reduce to homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1 and then to sister chromatids in meiosis
2. The homologous chromosomes first exchange their DNA in next phase they orient themselves randomly at the equator. Reduction division of homologus chromosomes takes place in meiosis.

• There are three stages of interphase: G₁ (first gap), S (synthesis of new DNA ), and G₂ (second gap).
• Cells spend most of their lives in interphase, specifically in the S phase where genetic material must be copied.
• The cell grows and carries out biochemical functions, such as protein synthesis, in the G₁ phase.
• During the S phase, DNA is duplicated into two sister chromatids, and centrosomes, which give rise to the mitotic spindle, are also replicated.
• In the G₂ phase, energy is replenished, new proteins are synthesized, the cytoskeleton is dismantled, and additional growth occurs.

सामान्य बहुमत सदन में उपस्थित सदस्यों का 50% से ज्यादा  होता है, उदहारण के तौर पर  किसी समय निम्न सदन अर्थात लोकसभा में 543 सदस्य पूरे मौजूद नहीं है, तो उस समय उपस्थिति सदस्यों के 50% से अधिक को ही बहुमत माना जाता है,  और यह सामान्य बहुमत कहलाता है |  

विशेष बहुमत को स्पेशल मेजोरिटी कहा जाता है, विशेष बहुमत का प्रयोग सदन में मुख्य रूप से दो कारणों के लिए किया जाता है | पहला  संविधान में संशोधन करने के लिए तथा दूसरा  महाभियोग लाने के लिए  किया जाता है | विशेष बहुमत साधारण बहुमत से बिलकुल अलग होता है,  और किसी भी सदन में कुल सदस्यों की संख्या के दो तिहाई को विशेष बहुमत कहा जाता है |

The Ostwald’s Dilution Law is defined for a weak electrolyte as “ the degree of ionization is proportional to the square root of the molar concentration or directly proportional to square root of the volume of the solution which contains one mole of the electrolyte.”

Mathematically, we can write Ostwald’s Dilution Law as below:e

                                           α = √ k_a/C   = √ k_aV

                                     Or, α = √ k_b/C   = √ k_bV

Wilhelm Ostwald’s dilution law is a relationship proposed in 1888 between the dissociation constant Kd and the degree of dissociation α of a weak electrolyte. The law takes the form Where the square brackets denote concentration, and c₀ is the total concentration of electrolyte. Ostwald's dilution law describes the dissociation constant of the weak electrolyte with the degree of dissociation (α) and the concentration of the weak electrolyte.  α = degree of dissociation. Ostwald's dilution law states that only at infinite dilution the weak electrolyte undergoes complete ionization.

It a mathod of advancing loan by a commercial bank underwhich short term secured cash loan is provided by the bank to the borrower and the borrower can withdraw the amount in a single instalment or in a number of instalment according to his requirements.

Credit is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately, but promises either to repay or return those resources at a later date. Bank credit is the total amount of funds a person or business can borrow from a financial institution. Credit approval is determined by a borrower's credit rating, income, collateral, assets, and pre-existing debt.

Physical education makes the immunity of our body stronger and so makes body more beautiful. Helpful for Natural Development Man's body develops very naturally from the prenatal stage to the old age. When this natural development is accompanied with some physical exercises it improves the energy level of the body. Physical Education (PE) develops students' competence and confidence to take part in a range of physical activities that become a central part of their lives, both in and out of school. A high-quality PE curriculum enables all students to enjoy and succeed in many kinds of physical activity.