Bivalent: Complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is called a bivalent. It is also known as a tetrad.

1) All the alkali metals are highly reactive elements since have a strong tendency to lose the single valence s-electron to form uni positive ions having inert gas configuration.

2) This reactivity arises due to their low ionisation enthalpies and high negative values of their standard electrode potential.

3) Due to their strong tendency to lose the single valence electron ,alkali metals also act as a strong reducing agents. Reactivity of an element is measured in terms of its reducing character.

4) Ionization enthalpy is a measure of the tendency of an atom to lose electrons in the gaseous state.Thus, lower the ionization enthalpy, greater is the tendency of an element to lose electron and hence stronger is the reducing character or higher is the reactivity of the element.

5)The ionization enthalpies of alkali metal decreases down the group, therefore, their reducing character or reactivity in the gaseous state increases from Li to Cs , i.e. Li< Na< K< Rb<Cs.

Sole proprietorship means a business owned, financed and controlled by a single person who is recipient of all profit and bearer of all risks.

It is SUITABLE IN AREAS OF PERSONALISED SERVICE like beauty parlour, hair cutting saloons & small scale activities like retail shops.

Features

1. Single ownership: It is wholly owned by one individual.
2. Control: Sole proprietor has full power of decision making.
3. No separate legal entity: Legally there is no difference between business& businessmen.
4. Unlimited liability: The liability of owner is unlimited. In case the assets of business are not sufficient to meet its debts, the personal property of owner can be used for paying debts
5. No legal formalities: Not required to start, manage and dissolve such business organization.
6. Sole risk bearer and profit recipient: He bears the complete risk and there is no body to share profit/loss with him.

Marketing, an art, which includes all activities pertaining to creation of place, time and possession utility.

Principle of Homogeneity of Equation/Dimensions -

An equation  relating physical quantities must have the same dimensions on left hand side as on the right hand side.

For example, if we know displacement, s, depends upon initial velocity, u, acceleration,a and time, t.

and ask ourselves what must be the equation connecting all these. The principle of homogeneity tells us that

if we write, displacement s on left hand side then on the right hand side, u, a and t must be combined to get displacement dimensions or units. Hence

s = ut + at²

[L] = [LT ^-1] [T] + [LT ^-2] [T]²

[L] = [L]  + [L]

So that means we can add a length to another length.

And we'll the resultant quantity with the dimensions of length.

As we can see the principle of homogeneity tells us the form of the equation, the exact equation is obtained by theoretical analysis,

and we know that the correct equation is,

s = ut + at²/2