Roman Slaves: Slavery was an institution deeply rooted in the ancient world, both in the Mediterranean and in the Near East, and not even Christianity when it emerged and triumphed as the state religion (in the fourth century) seriously challenged this institution. It does not follow that the bulk of the labour in the Roman economy was performed by slaves.

That may have been true of large parts of Itlay in the Republican period (under Augustus there were still 3 million slaves in a total Italian population of 7.5 million) but it was no longer true of the empire as a whole.

Slaves were an investment, and at least one Roman agricultural writer advised landowners against using them in contexts where too many might be required (for example, for harvests) or where their health could be damaged (for example, by malaria).

These considerations were not based on any sympathy for the slaves but on hard economic calculation. On the other hand, if the Roman upper classes were often brutal towards their slaves, ordinary people did sometimes show much more compassion.

French Serfs: Serfs cultivated plots of land, but these belonged to the lord. Much of the produce from this had to be given to the lord. They also had to work on the land which belonged exclusively to the lord. They received no wages and could not leave the estate without the lord’s permission.


The lord claimed a number of monopolies at the expense of his serfs. Serfs could use only their lord’s mill to grind their flour, his oven to bake their bread, and his winepresses to distil wine and beer.


The lord could decide whom a serf should marry, or might give his blessing to the serf’s choice but on payment of a fee.

As the poet realizes that his childhood has gone to repose in a forgotten place, hidden in an infant's face, that is the moment which marks his growth. It is the moment when he learns to disassociate himself from the child that he was. He is not the child anymore but looking at who he used to be. He cannot remember what it used to feel like to be that child, its a forgotten place that is relegated to the deep recesses of his mind.

As the poet realizes that his childhood has gone to repose in a forgotten place, hidden in an infant's face, that is the moment which marks his growth. It is the moment when he learns to disassociate himself from the child that he was. He is not the child anymore but looking at who he used to be. He cannot remember what it used to feel like to be that child, its a forgotten place that is relegated to the deep recesses of his mind.

The electrostatic force of attraction which holds the two oppositely charged ions together is called the ionic bond.

Ionic bond and factors affecting it

• It is formed by transfer of electrons.
• It is formed between metal and no metal.
• In it metal always loses electrons and non-metal always accepts electron.

During the formation of methane molecule the carbon atom undergoes sp3 hybridization in the excited state by mixing one 2s and three 2p orbitals to furnish four half filled sp³ hybrid orbitals which are oriented in tetrahedral symmetry in space around the carbon atom. Each of these sp³ hybrid orbitals forms a σsp³-s bond with one hydrogen atom. Thus carbon forms four σsp³-s bonds with four hydrogen atoms.Methane molecule is tetrahedral in shape with 109°28 bond angle.

Ionization Enthalpy of elements is the amount of energy that an isolated gaseous atom requires to lose an electron in its ground state. Losing of electrons results in the formation of cations.

Rectify the following errors:
i. Sales to Vinod of Rs.143 posted to his account as Rs.134.
ii. Sales to Vinod of Rs.143 debited to his account as Rs.134.
iii. Sales to Vinod of Rs.143 credited to his account as Rs.134.
Ans 

Journal Entries 

2. Quantum numbers may be defined as a set of 4 numbers with the help of which we can get complete information about all the electrons in an atom ,ie. location ,energy ,the type of Orbital occupied, space and orientation of that orbital.

1. 

postulates of Bohr's model of an atom are:

1. In an atom, the electrons revolve around the nucleus in certain definite circular paths called orbits, or shells.

2. Each shell or orbit corresponds to a definite energy. Therefore, these circular orbits are also known as energy levels or energy shells.

3. The orbits or energy levels are characterized by an integer not, where, n can have values 1, 2, 3, 4……. The integer not (= 1, 2, 3…) is called the quantum number of respective orbit. The orbits are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4………… etc., starting from the nucleus side. Thus, the orbit for which n=1 is the lowest energy level.

The orbits corresponding to n = 1,2,3,4…..etc., are also designated as K,L,M,N……….etc., shells. When the electron is in the lowest energy level, it is said to be in the ground state.

Since, electronics can be present only in these orbits, hence, these electrons can only have energies corresponding to these energy levels, i.e., electrons in an atom can have only certain permissible energies .

4. The electrons present in an atom can move from a lower energy level (Elower) to a level of higher energy (Ehigher) by absorbing the appropriate energy. Similarly, an electron can jump from a higher energy level (Ehigher) to a lower energy level (Elower) by losing the appropriate energy.

The energy absorbed or lost is equal to the difference between the energies of the two energy levels, i.e.,

ΔE= E (higher) - E (lower)

 sports journalism:

Through sports journalism, we mean that we can gather information regarding all sports activities and to collect different types of material required for physical education. Such physical education teachers who have skill in communicating by oral or writing can avail the career option in the field of sports journalism.

 uniform motion is defined as the motion of an object in which the object travels in a straight line and its velocity remains constant along that line as it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, irrespective of the duration of the time.

Non- conservative forces are forces which act on a body and the work done on the body by the force is dependent on the path followed. During the motion of a body due to non-conservative force, mechanical energy is dissipated, so we can call the non-conservative forces as dissipative courses.

A non-conservative force is the one for which work done depends on the path. For eg, frictional force. Friction does more work on the block if one slides it along the indirect path across the tabletop. The longer the path, the more work friction does.

In what condition did the author found in the living room

Haphazard

The fundamental accounting equation is assets= capital + liabilities.
As every accounting equation has two effects( debit and credit). Revenues lead to increase in assets or capital while expenses reduce assets and may also create liability. Revenue and expenses, therefore, are the reasons for stability and soundness of the balance sheet.

187.2 - 63.54 = 123.66

Rounding off to 4 significant digits,

Answer = 123.7

आज़ादी से पूर्व किसानों को निम्नलिखित समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ता था।

• पूंजीपति तथा जमींदार किसानों के भोलेपन तथा अनपढ़ होने का फायदा उठाकर उनसे ज्यादा क़र्ज़ वसूलते थे।

• अंगूठा लगवाकर उनकी जमीन हड़प लिए थे।

• उनके कर्ज अदा न कर सकने पर वे किसानों के बेटों को बंधुआ मजदूर या जिंदगी भर अपना गुलाम बनाकर रखते थे।

• किसानों की बेटियों तथा पत्नी को बुरी नजर से देखते थे।

• इन सभी समस्याओं के अलावा गरीबी उनकी मुख्य समस्या थी।

• पुलिस का अत्याचार , अंग्रेज़ पुलिस भारतीय किसानों पर बहुत अत्याचार किया करते थे। बिना किसी कारण उन्हें जेल में डाल दिया करते थे।

• लगान की समस्या भी एक बड़ी समस्या थी।

A fibre is a thin thread of a natural or artificial substance, especially one that is used to make cloth or rope.
 Natural Fibres : Natural fibers are obtained from plants and animals. For example- cotton, jute, silk, etc.

Let ‘a’ be the first term and ’r’(≠) be the common ratio of the given G.P.The general teams of G.P. If S_n denotes the sum of ‘n’ terms, then,

S_n = a((1 - rⁿ)/(1 - r)) r ≠ 1

This can also written as

S_n = a((rⁿ - 1)/(r - 1))

Note: (1) S_n = a + ar + ar² +….. +ar^n-1 

(2) If r = 1, then Sn = a + a + a +……………+a – na 

(3) If r = 1, then formulas for S_n fail 

(4) If r < 1, then use  S_n = a((1 - rⁿ)/(1 - r))

(5) If r > 1, use  S_n = a((rⁿ - 1)/(r - 1))

(6) Sum of an infinite G.P.,a + ar + ar²  + ..... is a/(1 - r), - 1 r < 1

(7) If a, b, c are in G.P.then ‘b’ is the G.M. (geometric mean) between a and c, then b²  = ac ⇒ b = √ac

(8) If A and G are A.M. and G.M. of two given distinct positive real numbers, then relation between A and G is A > G.

Trekking refers to travel by foot through remote destinations that are in most cases inaccessible and unknown to visitors. Trekking is mainly of four kinds:

(1) Easy Trekking: This type of activity if for beginners, and basically involves the view of colorful horizons or sight of beautiful nature. 

(2) Moderate Trekking: Moderate trekking is more challenging than easy trekking. It is performed on medium to slightly higher altitudes. The individuals doing this type of trekking should be energetic.

(3) Strenuous Trekking: This type of trekking requires strenuous physical efforts. It is basically done on high altitude regions, and is suitable only for those who have some previous experience of trekking. 

(4) Difficult Trekking: Fourth type of trekking is done on steep slopes. Generally, professional or experienced trekkers do this type of trekking. This type of trekking requires high level of precision, skill and endurance by the trekker.