The formation of a company is a lengthy process. For convenience the whole process of company formation may be divided into the following four stages:

Stage # 1. Promotion Stage:

Promotion is the first stage in the formation of a company. The term ‘Promotion’ refers to the aggregate of activities designed to bring into being an enterprise to operate a business. It presupposes the technical processing of a commercial proposition with reference to its potential profitability. The meaning of promotion and the steps to be taken in promoting a business are discussed in brief here.

Stage # 2. Incorporation or Registration Stage:

Incorporation or registration is the second stage in the formation of a company. It is the registration that brings a company into existence. A company is properly constituted only when it is duly registered under the Act and a Certificate of Incorporation has been obtained from the Registrar of Companies.

Stage # 3. Capital Subscription Stage:

A private company or a public company not having share capital can commence business immediately on its incorporation. As such ‘capital subscription stage’ and ‘commencement of business stage’ are relevant only in the case of a public company having a share capital. Such a company has to pass through these additional two stages before it can commence business.

Stage # 4. Commencement of Business Stage:

After getting the certificate of incorporation, a private company can start its business. A public company can start its business only after getting a’ certificate of commencement of business’.

Rates of casual literacy varied in different parts of the empire. Casual literacy was widespread in Pompeii. Literacy was higher among solders, army officers and estate managers in Egypt. Aramaic was the dominant language group in the Near East, Coptic was spoken in Egypt, Punic and Berber in North Africa, Celtic in Spain and the northwest. Spread of Latin displaced many languages with the passage of time.

Molar mass (M) is the mass of 1 mole of a chemical substance. The unit for molar mass is grams per mole or g.mol−1-1.

Mole Concept

Term mole was suggested by Ostwald (Latin word mole = heap)

A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains same number of elementary particles (atoms, molecules or ions) as the number of atoms present in 12 g of carbon (C-12).

1 mol = 6.023 * 10²³ atoms = one gram-atom = gram atomic mass

1 mol = 6.023 * 10²³ molecules = gram molecular mass

In gaseous state at STP (T = 273 K, p = 1 atm)

Gram molecular mass = 1 mol

= 22.4 L = 6.022 * 10²³ molecules

Standard number 6.023x 10²³ is called Avogadro number in honour of Avogadro (he did not give this number) and is denoted by N_A.

The volume occupied by one mole molecules of a gaseous substance is called molar volume or gram molecular volume.

Number of moles = amount of substance (in gram) / molar mass

Why did Britain sign the Anglo-Japanese treaty of 1902? What was the importance of this treaty for Japan?

Britain signed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 to check Russian influence in China. By signing this treaty, Japan was also recognised as an imperialist power.

Britain signed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 to check Russian influence in China. By signing this treaty, Japan was also recognised as an imperialist power.

•  The Constitution provides a framework within which a government has to work.
• It minimizes the chances of disputes among the various organs of the government as it clearly defines their powers and functions separately.
• It also controls the misuse of power by the government.
• It safeguards the fundamental rights of the citizens.

(4)

not accelerating .

Reason:

Forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction are called balanced forces. Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion. When balanced forces act on an object at rest, the object will not move. If you push against a wall, the wall pushes back with an equal but opposite force

Go through the important set of questions and answers from class 12 NCERT textbook  ‘Contemporary World Politics’. Prepare well from the given questions.
Important Questions for Class 12 Political Science

Click on the chapters links:

PART-A Contemporary World Politics

• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-1/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 1 The Cold War Era">Chapter 1 The Cold War Era</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-2/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity">Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-3/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics">Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-4/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power">Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-5/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia">Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-6/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 6 International Organisations">Chapter 6 International Organisations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-7/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World">Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-8/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources">Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-9/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 9 Globalisation">Chapter 9 Globalisation</a>

PART-B Politics in India since Independence

• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-10/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building">Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-11/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance">Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-12/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development">Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-13/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 13 India’s External Relations">Chapter 13 India’s External Relations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-14/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System">Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-15/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order">Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-16/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements">Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-17/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 17 Regional Aspirations">Chapter 17 Regional Aspirations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-18/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics">Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics</a>

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Go through the important set of questions and answers from class 12 NCERT textbook  ‘Contemporary World Politics’. Prepare well from the given questions.
Important Questions for Class 12 Political Science

PART-A Contemporary World Politics

• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-1/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 1 The Cold War Era">Chapter 1 The Cold War Era</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-2/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity">Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-3/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics">Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-4/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power">Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-5/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia">Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-6/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 6 International Organisations">Chapter 6 International Organisations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-7/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World">Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-8/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources">Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-9/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 9 Globalisation">Chapter 9 Globalisation</a>

PART-B Politics in India since Independence

• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-10/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building">Chapter 10 Challenges of Nation Building</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-11/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance">Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-12/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development">Chapter 12 Politics of Planned Development</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-13/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 13 India’s External Relations">Chapter 13 India’s External Relations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-14/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System">Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-15/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order">Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-16/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements">Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-17/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 17 Regional Aspirations">Chapter 17 Regional Aspirations</a>
• <a href="https://www.learncbse.in/political-science-class-12-important-questions-chapter-18/" title="Political Science Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics">Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics</a>

Give chapters name

In the world of commerce, the term is usually synonymous with 'company', or 'business'. A business entity such as a corporation, limited liability company, public limited company, sole proprietorship, or partnership that has products or services for sale is a firm.

Acceleration of a body moving with a uniform velocity = 0

 because acceleration = change in velocity​/time

 change in velocity= 0

SO, acceleration = 0

The article 326 defines a universal adult franchise as the basis for elections to all levels of the elected government. The universal Adult Franchise refers that all citizens who are 18 years and above irrespective of their caste or education, religion, colour, race and economic conditions are free to vote. In a democracy, a universal adult franchise is important, as it is based on the idea of equality. It states that every adult in a country, irrespective of their wealth and the communities she/he belongs to, has one vote. The Indian Constitution has adopted universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.

The gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet colour and stains purple whereas the gram-negative bacteria lose crystal violet and stain red. Thus, the two types of bacteria are distinguished by gram staining.

कबीर ने स्वयं को दीवाना इसलिए कहा है, क्योंकि वह निर्भय है। उसे किसी का कुछ भी कहना व्यापता नहीं है। वह ईश्वर के सच्चे स्वरूप को पहचानता है। वह ईश्वर का सच्चा भक्त है, अत: दीवाना है।

The most abundant protein present in the animal world is collagen.

Collagen: - It is a protein made from amino acids, specifically glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and arginine.

 In plants, the most abundant protein is Rubisco.

The Meaning and Elements of the Chinese Landscape Painting. In shan shui paintings, there are three basic elements that make up a painting: Mountains, rivers, and on occasion, waterfalls. Hence the Chinese name shan shui ("Mountain-water") for landscape art

Experiments in recycling that help in environmental conservation are given below.

The uranium left over from processing it into nuclear weapons and fuel for nuclear reactors is called depleted uranium and it is used by all branches of the U.S. military use for armor-piercing shells and shielding

Paper bags, chocolate boxes, gift boxes, and corporate gifting are recycled handmade paper products.

Building on its reputation for sustainable, high-performance fabric solutions, Glen Raven custom fabrics have introduced.

Heritage–a Sunbrella furniture fabric featuring 50 percent recycled content