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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 10 months ago
Buffers are solutions that resist change in pH on dilution or on the addition of small amounts of acids or alkali.
A lot of biological and chemical reactions need a constant pH for the reaction to proceed. Buffers are extremely useful in these systems to maintain the pH at a constant value. This does not mean that the pH of buffers does not change. It only means that the change in pH is not as much as it would be with a solution that is not a buffer.
Posted by Muskan Sekho 6 years, 10 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 10 months ago
Endothermic Reaction |
Exothermic Reaction |
|
A reaction that the system absorbs energy from its surrounding in the form of heat. |
A reaction that releases energy from the system in the form of heat. |
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The energy is absorbed from the surround into the reaction |
The energy is released from the system to its environment. |
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Energy in the form of heat |
Energy is released as heat, electricity, light or sound. |
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Melting ice, evaporation, cooking, gas molecules, photosynthesis are few examples |
Rusting iron, settling, chemical bonds, explosions, nuclear fission are few examples. |
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 10 months ago
S.N. |
DNA |
RNA |
| 1. | DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. The sugar portion of DNA is 2-Deoxyribose. | RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid. The sugar portion of RNA is Ribose. |
| 2. | The helix geometry of DNA is of B-Form (A or Z also present). | The helix geometry of RNA is of A-Form. |
| 3. | DNA is a double-stranded molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides. | RNA usually is a single-strand helix consisting of shorter chains of nucleotides. |
| 4. | The bases present in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. | The bases present in RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. |
| 5. | DNA is self-replicating. | RNA is synthesized from DNA on an as-needed basis. |
| 6. | Base Pairing :AT (adenine-thymine)GC (guanine-cytosine). | Base Pairing :AU (adenine-uracil)GC (guanine-cytosine). |
| 7. | Purine and Pyrimidine bases are equal in number. | There is no proportionality in between the number of Purine and Pyrimidine bases. |
| 8. | DNA is susceptible to UV damage. | Compared with DNA, RNA is relatively resistant to UV damage. |
| 9. | Hydrogen bonds are formed between complementary nitrogen bases of the opposite strands (A-T, C-G). | Base pairing through hydrogen bonds, occurs in the coiled parts. |
| 10. | DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell and in mitochondria. | Depending on the type of RNA, this molecule is found in a cell’s nucleus, its cytoplasm, and its ribosome. |
| 11. | DNA can’t leave the nucleus. | RNA leaves the nucleus (mRNA). |
| 12. | The C-H bonds in DNA make it fairly stable, plus the body destroys enzymes that would attack DNA. The small grooves in the helix also serve as protection, providing minimal space for enzymes to attach. | The O-H bond in the ribose of RNA makes the molecule more reactive, compared with DNA. RNA is not stable under alkaline conditions, plus the large grooves in the molecule make it susceptible to enzyme attack. |
| 13. | Renaturation after melting is slow. | It is quite fast. |
| 14. | DNA is only two types: intra nuclear and extra nuclear. | Three different types of RNA: m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA. |
| 15. | Its quantity is fixed for cell. | The quantity of RNA of a cell is variable. |
| 16. | It is long lived. | Some RNAs are very short lived while others have somewhat longer life. |
| 17. | Functions:Long-term storage of genetic information; transmission of genetic information to make other cells and new organisms. | Functions:Used to transfer the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes to make proteins. RNA is used to transmit genetic information in some organisms and may have been the molecule used to store genetic blueprints in primitive organisms. |
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 10 months ago
A right is essentially an entitlement or a justified claim. It denotes what we are entitled to as citizens, as individuals and as human beings. Rights are something that we consider to be due to us, something that the rest of society must recognise as being a legitimate claim that must be upheld.
(i)Rights are important for all of us for leading a life of respect and dignity In fact, one of the grounds on which rights have been claimed in that they represent conditions that we collectively see as a source of self-respect and dignity.
For instance, the right to livelihood may be considered necessary for leading a life of dignity. Being gainfully employed gives a person economic independence and this is central for his/her dignity. Having our basic needs met gives us liberty to pursue our talents and interests.
(ii)In a democracy generally people or citizens have the right to expression. Citizens can express themselves freely in different ways. The right to expression gives us opportunity to be creative and original, whether it be in writing, or dance, or music or any other creative activity.
(iii)Freedom of expression is essential and useful for democratic government also. As this freedom or right allows the free expression of beliefs and opinions, the government can know this successes or failures or desires or dislikings of the people.
(iv)Rights are necessary for entire world or for whole human beings also. Rights such as the right of livelihood, or freedom of expression, would be important for all human beings who live in society and therefore they are described as universal in nature.
(v)Another basis on which rights have been claimed in that they are necessary for our well-being. They help individuals to develop their talents and skills. A right like the right to education, for example, helps develop our capacity to reason, gives us useful skills and enables us to make informed choices in life.

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Avantika Tayal 6 years, 10 months ago
4Thank You