The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used by European scholars – George Michelet in France and Friedrich Engles in Germany.
It refers to the great change in the field of industries when the production of goods by hand in the houses were replaced with the help of machines in factories.
The transformation of industry and the economy in Britain between the 1780s and the 1850s is called the ‘first industrial revolution’.

If the substrate concentration increases, initially the velocity of enzymatic reaction rises. In the final stage, the reaction reaches a maximum velocity or V max. This velocity does not rise any further even if there is an increase in substrate concentration. The reason is that at V max, there are no free enzyme molecules available that can bind with extra substrate molecules.

ollowing are the allied facilities provided by postal departments :

1. Greeting Post: Beautiful greeting cards.

2. Media Post : Effective media for indrain corporate to advertise their brand through post cards, envelops, telegrams etc.

3. Direct post for direct advertising.

4. International money transfer through collaboration with Western Union finance services, USA which enables remittances of money from 185 countries to India.

5. Speed post: It has over 1000 destination in India and links with 97 major countries across the globe.

6. e-bill post is the latest invention of the department to collect bill payment across the counter for BSNL and Bharti Airtel.

• Keep money safe for customers
• Offer customers interest on deposits, helping to protect against money losing value against inflation.
• Lending money to firms, customers and homebuyers.
• Offering financial advice and related financial services, such as insurance

Advantages of e-commerce :

1. e-commerce provides speedy business services.

2. e-commerce is accessible to the global market.

3. It is a movement towards a popular society.

4. It is easy to form and requires lower investment.

5. It is convenient.

6. e-commerce makes flexible manufacturing and mass customisation possible.

Diadvantages of e-commerce :

(a)It lacks personal touch.

(b) The physical delivery of the product takes time.

(c) There is a need for technology capability and competance of parties and e-Business.

(d) There is increased risk due to anonymity and non-traceability of parties.

(e) People resist e-commerce as it involves adjustment to new technology and new way of doing things.

Small business have been facing a large number of problems compared to large scale industries.
The scale of operations, shortage of funds, procurement of raw materials are some of them.
The detailed description of such problems are given below
(i) Finance The most serious problem faced by SSIs is that non availability of adequate finance to carry out their operations. Small scale sector lacks the credit worthiness and collateral required to raise capital from the capital markets or financial institutions and hence they depend on local money lenders who charge high interest rates. These units also suffer from lack of adequate working capital, either due to delayed payment of dues to them or locking up of their capital in unsold stocks.
(ii) Raw Materials Another major problem of small business is the procurement of raw materials. If the required materials are not available, they have to compromise on the quality or have to pay a high price to get good quality materials. They purchase raw materials in small quantities due to lack of storage capacity and hence their bargaining power is low.
(iii) Managerial Skills Small business is generally promoted and operated by a single person, who may not possess all the managerial skills required to run the business. Many of the small business entrepreneurs possess sound technical knowledge, but are less successful in marketing and may not find enough time to take care of all functional activities. At the same time they are not in a position to afford professional managers.
(iv) Less Productive Labour Small business firms cannot afford to pay high salaries to their employees, which affects employee willingness to work. Thus, productivity per employee is relatively low and employee turnover is generally high. Small business organisations are unable to attract talented people because of lower remuneration. Division of labour cannot be practised in small scale units, which results in lack of specialisation and concentration.
(v) Marketing Effective marketing is a weaker area of small organisations. These organisations depend excessively on middlemen, who at times exploit them by paying low price and delaying payments. Direct marketing is also not feasible for small business firms as they lack the necessary infrastructure.
(vi) Quality Small business organisations generally concentrate on cutting the cost and keeping the prices low. In doing this, they are unable to maintain the desired standards of quality as they do not have adequate resources to invest in quality research and expertise to upgrade technology.
(vii) Capacity Utilisation Small business firms have to operate below full capacity due to lack of demand. Due to this, their operating costs tend to increase which gradually leads to sickness and closure of the business.
(viii) Technology Use of outdated technology is a serious shortcoming of small industries which results in low productivity and uneconomical production.
(ix) Sickness Small industries become sick due to both internal and external causes. Internal problems include lack of skilled and trained labour and managerial and marketing skills. Some of the external problems include delayed payment, shortage of working capital, inadequate loans and lack of demand for their products.
(x) Global Competition Small businesses are threatened with global competition from multinational corporations and cheap imports. It is difficult for them to compete with the quality standards, technological skills and marketing capabilities of the large multinationals.

An object thrown into the space either horizontally or an acute angle under the action of gravity is called a projectile. There are force which act on a projectile-gravitational force and air two resistance. Air resistance of an object varies greatly and it depends on the object’s particular shape and the atmoshperic conditions in which the object is released. Trajectile - The path followed by a projectile. 

The factor affecting Projectile Trajectory are mentioned below.
1. Angle of projection:- An object which is projected at different angles covers different distance. When it is projected or released at angle of 25O, making it a parabolic path and coves lesser distance. When it is released at angle of 42O & 45O, makes a parabolic path and covers. Maximum distance. So the distance covered by an object (Shot Put, Hammer, Javelin, Discus etc. depends on the
2. Projection height relevant to the landing surface:-  If the projection height and landing surface are equal the thing should be release/thrown at an angle of 42o to 45o it cover maximum distance.
3. Initial velocity:- The distance covered by on object depends on the initial velocity of the projectile. If the initial velocity is more, the object covers maximum distance. And if the initial velocity is less the object covers less distance.

Hund’s rule

• According to this rule, the electrons are filled in the degenerate orbitals of the same subshell.
• Electron pairing in p, d and f orbitals cannot be done until each sub-shell is occupied singly.
• This is because electrons are the same in charge and they repel each other. This repulsion is minimized if two electrons move away from each other by acquiring different degenerate orbitals.
• All the orbitals which are singly occupied have parallel spins which can be either clockwise or anticlockwise.
• If the electrons have parallel spin then there will be less inter-electronic repulsions and high spin multiplicity.
• So in order to maximize spin multiplicity, the pairing of electrons in a sub-shell does not take place until each sub-shell is singly occupied.

Revenue is creation of wealth by the process of doing business. It is the reward for doing business while expense is the sacrifice.
Revenue represents what the company charges its customers for the goods and services it provides. Revenue is generated from production, trade and service.
A manufacturing company generates revenue from production. A merchant generates revenue from trade and service firms such as audit firms advocates etc. earn revenue from service.

Revenue is creation of wealth by the process of doing business. It is the reward for doing business while expense is the sacrifice.
Revenue represents what the company charges its customers for the goods and services it provides. Revenue is generated from production, trade and service.