A fiscal deficit is a gap by which government’s total expenditures exceed the government’s total generated revenue. This, however, does not include the government borrowings.

Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure – Total receipts excluding borrowings

Fiscal deficit indicates the amount of money that the government will need to borrow during the financial year. A greater deficit implies more borrowing by the government and the extent of the deficit indicates the amount of expense for which the money is borrowed.

(i) The British got raw materials for the textile industries in India in form of cotton bales and began to export it for weaving clothes. It shifted the processing from homes to factories.
(ii) Initially, spinning consumes a lot of time, but with the invention of technical knowledge, the production began to increases. It increased the demand for raw material.
(iii) The political motives of imperialism. It further extended in the form of imperialism. It also led to the economic exploitation.
(iv) It boosted the Britishers industrial methods to gain more and more raw material forms colonial countries.

Islamic architecture 

(a) Religious buildings were the greatest symbols of the Islamic architecture. 

(b) Their buildings included Mosques, shrines and tombs were used for purposes like worshipping and imparting religious instructions. 

(c) Their buildings comprised of unique features like arches, domes, small minarets and open courtyards. 

(d) Their buildings had beautiful carvings, geometrical designs and were decorated with mosaics and paintings. 

(e) The mosque had a distinct architectural form - roof supported by pillars and had an open courtyard - sahn where a fountain or pond was placed. 

(f) In the mosque, there was a separate hall where sermons were delivered during the noon prayers on Friday. 

(g) The Umayyads built ‘desert palaces’ in oases, such as Khirbat al-Mafjar in Palestine and Qusayr Amra in Jordan, which served as luxurious residences and retreats for hunting and pleasure. 

Roman architecture 

(a) The Roman emperors were great builders. 

(b) They introduced new architectural featuresthe arches, columns and domes. 

(c) They built many multi-storied buildings with rows of arches standing over one another. 

(d) Their buildings were beautifully decorated with murals.

(e) Their buildings can be categorized into doric style, iconic style and corinthian style.

(f) The Roman architecture reflected the practical need for military and entertainment.

(g) For e.g. Ampitheatre was constructed for military drill and for staging entertainment for soldiers.

(-X)^2=(-X)*(-X)=X^2

As product of -ve number with -ve number is +ve

Hence square of -ve no. is +ve

square of imaginary numbers is negative only as i^2=-1

In the beginning of Amitav Ghosh's account of his friend Agha Shahid Ali, we encounter a young man who was fast approaching his death. He had been under treatment for cancer for some fourteen months but he could still stand on his feet and spoke lucidly albeit with occasional lapses of memory. He possessed a superior intellect, an irresistible charm, a certain frankness and candour of manner. He did not take his illness too seriously and would often make light of his failings. A powerful personality, his voice was like none other, at once lyrical and fiercely disciplined, engaged and yet inwardly deep. Agha Shahid Ali specialised in the most trivial exchanges, speaking about food, half-forgotten figures from the past, a convivial and enthusiastic man who loved entertaining in company in spite of his failing health. Shahid had the magician's ability to transform the mundane into the magical, he was a man who loved life and all its attendant paraphernalia. Even in his darkest moments, he could make other people laugh. Shahid never lost track of the progress of the evening's meal. He could tell from the smell alone what the exact stage in the preparation of rogan josh. He set great store on the authenticity and exactitude of food preparation and would not tolerate any deviation from traditional methods. He pitied those who took shortcuts in life. he had a special passion for the food of his region as a Kashmiri Pandit. He used to have a recurrent dream in which all the Pandits had vanished from the valley of Kashmir and their food had become extinct. It was a nightmare that haunted him and he returned to it continuously in his conversations and poetry. He was a man given to enjoying life and experiencing everything that came his way. Shahid was fond of Begum Akhtar's music, an abiding presence in his life. He was also an experienced practitioner of repartee and had several interesting anecdotes to share. Agha Shahid Ali could be the life and soul of any gathering, a figure of poignancy and pathos who never stopped living life even when life gave up on him.

For several million years, humans lived by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants. Then, between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago, people in different parts of the world learnt to domesticate certain plants and animals.

1. This led to the development of farming and pastoralism as a way of life. The shift from foraging to farming was a major turning point in human history. Why did this change take place at this point of time ?

2. The last ice age came to an end about 13,000 years ago and with that warmer, wetter conditions prevailed. As a result, conditions were favourable for the growth of grasses such as wild barley and wheat. At the same time, as open forests and grasslands expanded, the population of certain animal species such as wild sheep, goat, cattle, pig and donkey increased.

What we find is that human societies began to gradually prefer areas that had an abundance of wild grasses and animals. Now relatively large, permanent communities occupied such areas for most parts of the year.

With some areas being clearly preferred, a pressure may have built up to increase the food supply. This may have triggered the process of domestication of certain plants and animals.

It is likely that a combination of factors which included climatic change, population pressure, a greater reliance on and knowledge of a few species of plaints (such as wheat, barley, rice and millet) and animals (such as sheep, goat, cattle, donkey and pig) played a role in this transformation.

3. One such area where farming and pastoralism began around 10,000 years ago was the Fertile Crescent, extending from the Mediterranean coast to the Zagros mountains in Iran.

With the introduction of agriculture, more people began to stay in one place for even longer periods than they had done before. Thus permanent houses began to be built of mud, mud bricks and even stone. These are some of the earliest villages known to archaeologists.

4. Farming and pastoralism led to the introduction of many other changes such as the making of pots in which to store grain and other produce, and to cook food. Besides, new kinds of stone tools came into use. Other new tools such as the plough were used in agriculture. Gradually, people became familiar with metals such as copper and tin. The wheel, important for both pot making and transportation, came into use.

There are 11 letters in the word INEFFECTIVE i.e E E E, F F, I I, C, T, N, V=6c1

(i) There is only one set of three same letters i.e E E E.These 4 letter can be arranged in ways=4!/3!1!

Hence the total number of words consisting of 3 same and one different letters = 6c1×4!
6×4=24.

(ii) There are three sets of two some letters i.e E E, F F, I I . Out of these three sets two can be selected in ways.Now, 4 letters in each group can be arranged in ways.=3c2

Hence the total number of words consisting two same letters of one kind and 2 same letters of other kind =3c2×4!/2!2!
=3×6=18

(iii) Out of 3 sets of two same letters one set can be chosen in ways.Now, from the remaining 6 distinct letters, 2 letters can be chosen in ways. So there are group of 4 letters each

=3c1×6c2

Now, letters of each group can be arranged among themselves in ways. = 4!/2!

Hence, the total number of words consisting two same letters and 2 different = (3c1×6c2)×4!/2!
=3×15×6=270

(iv) There are 7 distinct letters E, F.So the total number of 4 letters words in which all letters are different = 7c4×4!
=840