• Paramagnetic: Those substances which are attracted by magnetic fields are called paramagnetic substances. Paramagnetic materials such as aluminum and air have permeability’s slightly greater than that of free space (for air μr =1.0000004).
• Diamagnetic :Those substances which are repelled by magnetic fields are called diamagnetic  substances. A material that turns at a right angle to the field by producing a magnetic response opposite to the applied field is called diamagnetic material such as silver, copper, and carbon have permeability’s slightly less than free space

Chemically the plasma membrane consists of proteins (20-70%), lipids (20-79%), carbohydrates (1-5%) and water (20%). Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are absent in the plasma membrane. The lipids present in the plasma membrane are phospholipids, glycolipids (sugar lipids) and sterols.
Each lipid molecule consists of a three carbon glycerol poles (head) which is hydrophilic (water loving) in nature and two long tails of fatty acids which are hydrophobic (water-fearing) in nature. The hydrophilic glycerol poles of lipid are located towards the outside of the lipid bilayer whereas, the hydrophobic fatty acid tails are repelled by water and face towards the inner side of the membrane. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces in lipid molecules cause the membrane to become a bilayer.

1) Multinational Coorporation is a large company that owns or regulate production across nations.
2) They set up offices and factories where they get favorable factor such as availability of raw materials,cheap skilled and unskilled labours,transport and market and most importantly liberalised(free of trade restriction)government policies.
Example : Cargill foods ,ford motors etc.

1) Multinational Coorporation is a large company that owns or regulate production across nations.
2) They set up offices and factories where they get favorable factor such as availability of raw materials,cheap skilled and unskilled labours,transport and market and most importantly liberalised(free of trade restriction)government policies.
Example : Cargill foods ,ford motors etc.

The different forms of Structural Violence:

(i)The traditional caste system treated certain groups of people as asprishya or untouchable. Till it was outlawed by the Constitution of independent India, the practice of untouchability subjected them to social exclusion and deprivation of the worst sort. The country is still struggling to erase the scars and relics of this ugly custom. While a social order based on class appears to be more flexible, it too generates a great deal of inequality and oppression.

(ii)Patriarchy entails a form of social organisation that results in the systematic subordination of, and discrimination against, women. Its manifestations include selective abortion of female foetuses, denial of adequate nourishment and education to the girl-child, child-marriage, wife battering, dowry-related crimes, sexual harassment at the workplace, rape, and honour killing.

(iii)Colonialism in the sense of prolonged and direct subjection of a people to alien rule is now a rare phenomenon. But the ongoing Palestinian struggle against Israeli domination shows that it has not disappeared completely. Besides, the former colonies of European imperialist countries are yet to recover completely from the forms of manifold exploitation they suffered during the colonial era.

(iv)Racism and communalism involve the stigmatisation and oppression of an entire racial group or community. Racial discrimination still continues covertly in the West and is now often directed against immigrants from countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Communalism may be seen as the South Asian counterpart of racism where the victims tend to be minority religious groups.

Luca Pacioli is referred as the Father of Accountancy. He invented the double entry system of Book-Keeping. He is also called as father of Book - Keeping.

The mechanism of vision:
i. The light rays in visible wavelength is focussed on the retina through the cornea and lens generate potentials (impulses) in rods and cones.
ii. The photopigments which is composed of opsin and retinal is dissociated into opsin and retinal because of light. .
 iii. The change in the structure of the opsin causes changes in the membrane permeability.
iv. A potential differences is generated in the photoreceptor cells which produces signal that generating action potentials in the ganglion cells through the bipolar cells.
v.  The action potential is transmitted by the optic nerves to the visual cortex area of the brain, where the neural impulses are analysed and the image is formed on the retina is recognised.

• The pinna receives sound waves and directs them to the ear drum.
• The ear drum vibrates, and the vibrations are sent to the ear ossicles in the middle ear.
• The ear ossicles further transmit the vibrations to the oval window.
• The oval window passes the vibrations to the fluid of cochlea and causes vibrations in it.
• The vibrations induce a ripple in the basilar membrane which bends the hair cells, which are pressed against the tectorial membrane.
• This causes the generation of the nerve impulse which is transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve.
• The impulses are analysed, and the sound is recognised or heard.