The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring inside the living organism is called metabolism. All the activities like growth, reproduction, movements, responsiveness, development, etc., are due to metabolism.
Metabolism includes two stages, i.e., anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism includes all the building up reactions, e.g., Photosyntesis and catabolism constitutes breakdown reactions, e.g., Respiration.

Manufacturing and trading beyond the geographical boundaries of a country is known as international business. The development of communication, technology and infrastructure etc make it possible. New modes of communication and development of faster and more efficient means of transportation have brought nations closer to one another as a result of which trade between them can take place. Following are the main reasons behind international business.

Rhizobium (plural: Rhizobia) is the nitrogen fixing bacteria present mainly in the soil. The Rhizobia chemically convert the nitrogen from the air to make it available for the plant.These bacteria live in symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants. The Rhizobia live in nodules in the roots of the plant. These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates and nitrites which can be used by the plants directly. Nitrogen fertilizers are not required.

2 + 6 + 10 + ...... x = 1800 

here ; 2, 6, 10 , .....x are in arithematic progression where 2 is first term and 4 is common difference of ap.

use formula,  to find number of terms in ap.

x = 2 + (n - 1) × 4 

x = 2 + 4n - 4 

x = 4n - 2 

x + 2 = 4n 

n = (x + 2)/4 

now, use formula, 

here, 

1800 = {(x + 2)/4}/2 [2 + x ] 

1800 = (x + 2)/8 × (x + 2) 

1800 × 8 = (x + 2)² 

14400 = (x + 2)² 

(120)² = (x + 2)² 

x + 2 = 120 => x = 118

• Escape velocity is the minimum velocity that a body must attain to escape the gravitational field of the earth.
• Suppose if we throw a ball,it will fall back. This is happening due to the force of gravitation exerted on the ball by the surface of the earth due to which the ball is attracted towards the surface of the earth.
• If we increase the velocity to such an extent that the object which is thrown up will never fall back.This velocity is known as escape velocity.

The chloroplast is bounded by a double membrane layer. There are two distinct regions present inside the chloroplasts. One is grana while the other is stroma. Grana is made up of stacks of disc-shaped structures known as thylakoids. These contain the molecule chlorophyll and are the functional units of chloroplasts. Stroma is the matrix which contains grana and is similar to the cytoplasm in cells in which all the organelles are embedded. Stroma also contains various enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, and other substances. Stroma lamellae connect the stacks of thylakoid sacs. There are two types of reactions by which photosynthesis occur, light reaction and dark reaction. Light reaction occurs in grana while dark reaction takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts.

Functions of Plastids

1. Chloroplasts have a structure called chlorophyll which trap solar energy and this is utilized to manufacture food for the plant.
2. The flowers have different colors because of the pigments called chromoplast. These colors attract insects for pollination.
3. Leucoplasts are the colorless plastids which store food in the form of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

• Oxidoreductases: These enzymes bring about oxidation and reduction reactions and hence are called oxidoreductases. In these reactions, electrons in the form of hydride ions or hydrogen atoms are transferred. When a substrate is being oxidized, these enzymes act as the hydrogen donor. These enzymes are called dehydrogenases or reductases. When the oxygen atom is the acceptor, these enzymes are called oxidases.
• Transferases: These enzymes are responsible for transferring functional groups from one molecule to another. Example: alanine aminotransferase which shuffles the alpha‐amino group between alanine and aspartate etc. Some transferases also transfer phosphate groups between ATP and other compounds, sugar residues to form disaccharides such as hexokinase in glycolysis.
• Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze reactions that involve the process of hydrolysis.They break single bonds by adding water. Some hydrolases function as digestive enzymes because they break the peptide bonds in proteins. Hydrolases can also be a type of transferases as they transfer the water molecule from one compound to another. Example: Glucose-6-phosphatase that removes the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate, leaving glucose and H3PO4.
• Lyases:  These enzymes catalyze reactions where functional groups are added to break double bonds in molecules or where double bonds are formed by the removal of functional groups. Example: Pyruvate decarboxylase is a lyase that removes CO2 from pyruvate. Other examples include deaminases and dehydratases.
• Isomerases: These enzymes catalyze the reactions where a functional group is moved to another position within the same molecule such that the resulting molecule is actually an isomer of the earlier molecule. Example: triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglucose isomerase for converting glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate.
• Ligases: These enzymes perform a function that is opposite to that of the hydrolases. Where hydrolases break bonds by adding water, ligases form bonds by removal of the water component. There are different subclasses of ligases which involve the synthesis of ATP.

Yes 

India has adopted many provinces from constitution of other countries.

1. Constitution of USA :- Fundamental rights, judicial review, independence of judiciary, preamble of constitution.
2.Constitution of British:- FPTP, parliament of government, speakers of lok sabha.
3.Irish constitution:- Directive principles of state policy.
4.Canadian constitution:- fedral form of government, idea of residuary powers.
5.German government:- emergency powers.

Metamerism is a condition in which an organism forms or possesses a linear series of body segments. For example, in animals, metamerism is exhibited by earthworms. Their body is divided into segments or metameres. ... The strict serial succession of metameres is particularly called homonymous metametry. Metameric segmentation is true segmentation in which external segmentation corresponds to the internal segmentation and the body is divided into a number of segments. Animals which belong to phyla Annelida and Arthropoda exhibit metameric segmentation.

How to write note making

Follow the following steps:
Step 1 : (i)Read the passage carefully.
(ii)Try to get the theme and subject of the passage. You may ask yourself: “What is this passage about?” This will provide you the gist.
Step 2 : Read carefully. Identify main ideas and important supporting details.
Step 3 : Make notes of the main ideas under headings and add sub-points under sub-headings.
Step 4 : Use proper layout/format, e.g.,
(a) Indented, linear form
(b) Sequential form
(c) Tabular form
(d) Flow chart
(e) Pie chart, graphs or diagrams, etc.
Step 5 : Use recognisable abbreviations wherever possible

Note making Example – Passage 1:

1. Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you need to do in order to become a good conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example, numberless hobbies to talk about. But the important
   thing is that you must talk about other fellow’s hobby rather than your own. Therein lies the secret of your popularity. Talk to your friends about the things that interest them, and you will get a reputation for good fellowship, charming wit, and a brilliant mind. There is nothing that pleases people so much as your interest in their interest.
2. It is just as important to know what subjects to avoid and what subjects to select for good conversation. If you don’t want to be set down as a wet blanket or a bore, be careful to avoid certain unpleasant subjects. Avoid talking about yourself, unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their own problems not in yours. Sickness or death bores everybody. The only one who willingly listens to such talk is the doctor, but he gets paid for it.
3. To be a good conversationalist you must know not only what to say, but how also to say it. Be mentally quick and witty. But don’t hurt others with your wit. Finally try to avoid mannerism in your conversation. Don’t bite your lips or click your tongue, or roll your eyes or use your hands excessively as you speak.
4. Don’t be like that Frenchman who said, “How can I talk if you hold my hand?”

2.1 Make notes an the contents of above paragraph in any format, using abbreviations. Supply a suitable title also. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: The Art of Conversation Notes:

1. Conv’n—most easily tch’ble art
   (a) Reqd. interest’g subject – hobbies
   (b) Talk about other fellow’s int./hobby
   (c) Win’g reptn. as good conversationalist
   (i) good f’ship
   (ii) charm’g wit
   (iii) brl. mind
2. Fit subs, for conversationalist
   (a) What subs, to avoid/select?
   (b) Avoid unpl’nt subs.
   (i) sickness
   (ii) death
   (c) Avoid talk’g about self
3. Qualities of a good conversationalist
   (a) What to say & how to say it
   (b) ment’y quick & witty
   (c) pleasant & unhurt’g
   (d) avoid mannerisms.