So long answer yr

Archaebacteria are almost as old as the Earth. They came into existence when the Earth was in its nascent stage and the conditions were extreme. Till date, these organisms live in conditions that mimic the extreme ones that were the norm, when the Earth was just beginning to take shape. The image shown alongside, is of the Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park. The brilliant colors observed in the spring, are attributed to archaebacteria. Archaebacteria kingdom is a group of bacteria that are anaerobic, as well as aerobic prokaryotes. These bacteria are adapted to living in extreme environmental conditions, like near volcanic activity, deep oceans, etc, and do not need oxygen and light to survive. All living organisms are placed in the five kingdom system: plantae, animalia, fungi, protoctista and monera. Not so long ago, before 1977, archae were considered to be a group of bacteria. They were thus, placed in Kingdom Plantae. Soon, they were placed under the new kingdom Monera, after the bacteria. Carl Woese and George Fox, were two scientists who proposed in 1977, that archaebacteria should have a separate kingdom of their own. By 1990, scientists found out that the 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA sequences were totally different in archea from other bacteria. Genome analysis of archaea in 2003, confirmed that they are different from bacteria. Thus, finally they were removed from kingdom Monera and the five kingdom of living things was converted into six kingdom system, with the inclusion of the new archaebacteria kingdom. Do you want to know what is the difference between archaebacteria and bacteria? The following characteristics will help you understand the reason for this transition. In a Nutshell Kingdom: Archaebacteria Type of Organism: Unicellular Cellular Structure: Prokaryotic Habitat: Extreme Environment Peptidoglycan in Cell Wall: Absent Reproduction Method: Asexual Nutrition Mode: Heterotrophs/Autotrophs Characteristics of Archaebacteria The term achaio is a Greek word for 'ancient'. This term aptly describes the archaebacteria who are thought to have a common ancestor like the bacteria and eukaryotes. Archaebacteria is similar in structure to eukaryotes than bacteria. There are several archaebacteria kingdom characteristics that help in distinguishing them from eubacteria. These characteristics of archaebacteria are as follows: Archaebacteria have no peptidoglycan in their cell walls. The cell wall is made up of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. The cell wall envelopes have a high resistance to antibiotics and lytic agents due to difference in cell wall composition. They have a very different lipid bi-layer making up the cell membranes. The RNA polymerase of archaea is very similar to that of eukaryotes. The ribosomal proteins in eukaryotes and archea are also similar to each other. Archaebacteria are about 1/10th of a µmeter to about 15 µmeter in size. A few are flagellated and the flagella structure is different from the flagella of other bacteria. The archaebacteria are non-pathogenic bacteria that live in and around other organisms. However, they do not cause any infections or diseases. Sub-groups of Archaebacteria Archaebacteria are autotrophs and use CO2 in atmosphere as a source of carbon for a process called carbon fixation. Archaebacteria are able to survive in extreme conditions and therefore also known as extremophiles. They can survive in conditions that are highly acidic, alkaline, saline aquatic environment. Some are even able to survive in temperatures above 100° Celsius or 212° Fahrenheit. Few can even withstand over 200 atmosphere pressure and live really deep within the earth. They employ different chemical reactions to be able to survive in these harsh conditions. Thus, they are divided into 3 subgroups - methanogens, extreme halophines and thermoacidophiles. Let us learn more about the characteristics according to the sub-groups. 1. Methanogens Metanogens are able to reduce CO2 into methane (CH4). They are obligately anaerobic and can die if exposed to oxygen. They produce marsh gas that can be observed as bubbles in stagnant water. They are also present in the gut of cattle and termites, since there is no oxygen there. Methanogens use carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor to oxidize hydrogen using co-enzymes like co-enzyme M and methanofuran. These co-enzymes are very unique to archaebacteria. These bacteria are rod shaped or spherical, and can be gram positive as well as negative. 2. Halophiles Halophiles are bacteria that can survive in 10 times the concentration of salt present in sea. You can find halophilic archaebacteria in Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea in Middle East. Halobacter uses photophosphorylation for metabolism. They use light activated ion pumps like bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin for generation of ion gradients to pump out ions across the plasma membrane. The energy that is stored in the electrochemical gradients is converted to ATP by ATP synthase. They contain bacteriorhodopsin, a red or orange pigment. 3. Thermoacidophiles The thermoacidophiles are organisms that can survive in extremely high temperatures and low pH. They can survive in 100° Celsius with a pH of 2. Most of these organisms are anaerobic in nature. Reproduction in archaea is carried out asexually by binary or multiple fission, fragmentation or budding. They do not undergo meiosis and therefore organisms of a species that are present in more than one form share the same genetic matter. Archaebacteria do not form spores and a few species of Haloarchaea undergoes phenotypic switching. This means it can grow several different cell types that are resistant to osmotic shock. Thus, the organisms can survive in low salt concentration aquatic environment. Importance of Archaebacteria Archaebacteria are important, nay, almost indispensable, for the following reasons: They have phylogenetic importance that helps in studying their homology and establish their phylogeny. Their ability to tolerate extreme conditions helps researchers learn about the climatic conditions, environment and their survival on ancient earth. Methanogens can grow in biogas fermentors and decompose cow dung into methane gas as a by-product. Thus, they are used for production of domestic gas for cooking. Organisms like Methanobacterium ruminantium are present in the guts of ruminating animals, helping them digest the cellulose. Poor ores of molybdenum are microbial leached using Sulfolobus. Archaebacteria are also used to synthesize thermophilic enzymes, restriction enzymes and are also used as biosensors. Archaebacteria have an important role in many chemical cycles, like carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, etc. Due to their extremophilic nature, archaebacteria have proven to be of great help in the field of Bioechnology, by helping in the production of enzymes that work at very high temperatures, as well as in the production of some antibiotics. Examples of Archaebacteri Methanobacterium Methanococcus Methanospirillum Halococcus Halobacterium Thermoplasma Thermoproteus Sulfolobus Pyrolobus fumarii Methanococcus jannaschii Nanoarchaeum equitans Ignicoccus The characteristics of archaebacteria kingdom prove that life can exist anywhere, under any condition. The mere existence of these extremophiles gives us hope. Maybe we will discover something on the other planets yet!

this is example

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Here is brown well

A zoo (short for zoological garden; also called an animal park or menagerie) is a facility in which animals are housed within enclosures, cared for, displayed to the public, and in some cases bred.  The main importance of zoos is their ability to educate visitors and impart a connection to wild animals. ... The connections that people make with wild animals when they visit a zoo help them to care about animals, and overcoming apathy is half the battle towards conservation.

MRT shows that as more of Good X (represented on x-axis) is produced, the loss from Good Y( represented on y-axis) tends to increases on EVERY addition of Good X. MRT basically shows the loss occurred when resources are shifted from Good Y to Good X. This loss increases because resources are USE SPECIFIC. Meaning, that they are specifically suited to production of specific uses.

A consumption good or service is one that is used (without further transformation in production) by households, NPISHs or government units for the direct satisfaction of individual needs or wants or the collective needs of members of the community.

The three phases of the author’s relationship with his grandmother before he left the country to study abroad are given below.

The first phase was the period of the author’s early childhood. During this phase, he used to live with his grandmother in the village.

The second phase was the time when the author and the grandmother moved to the city to live with author’s parents.
The third phase was the time the author joined University. He was given a room of his own and the common link of their friendship was snapped.

Step 1: Trademark research
Step 2: TM form filing
Step 3: Allotment of application number
Step 4: Examination of application
Step 5: Receipt of examination report
Step 6: Reply to the examination report
Step 7: Advertisement of trademarks journal
Step 8: Opposition (if any)
Step 9: Certificate of registration

Whay is answer

The classification is based on the spore case.

Phycomycetes – These are obligate parasites found in moist and damp places or decaying woods. Example – Rhizopus

Ascomycetes – They are also called as sac fungi. They can be coprophilous, decomposers, parasitic or saprophytic. Example – Aspergillus

Basidiomycetes – Mushrooms are the most commonly found basidiomycetes and mostly live as parasites. Example- Agaricus

Deuteromycetes – They are otherwise called imperfect fungi as they do not follow the regular reproduction cycle as the other fungi. Example – Trichoderma.

4- 6 marker questions

Yes now there are 20-1 marker questions ,6 2marker, 6 4markers and

No pattern has been changed till today.

(k-1)x^2=kx-1 This can be written as; (k-1)x^2-(kx-1)=0 (k-1)x^2-kx+1=0 Put x= -3 as this is a zero of polynomial: (k-1)(-3)^2-k(-3)+1=0 (k-1)(9)+3k+1=0 9k-9+3k+1=0 9k+3k-9+1=0 12k-8=0 12k=8 k=8/12 k=2/3 So, the value of k is 2/3 so that one of the zero of this polynomial is -3. #Hope this may be helpful for you...

It is most necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and responsibilities in the constitution. Powers of all institutions like the legislature, the executive and the judiciary and even independent statutory bodies like the Election Commission are demarcated.
It is to ensure that no single institution acquires monopoly of power. This ensures that even if one institution wants to subvert the constitution, others can check its transgressions.
For example, in Indian Constitution the principle of check and balance is applied to secure the fundamental rights to its citizens. In the absence of such a demarcation there would be problems to the citizens and the laws will be unjust and unfair. A constitution is to specify who has the power to make decisions in a society.
It decides how the government will be constituted. In a democratic constitution, it sets some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never tresspass them.
The constitution shows how the organs of government should relate to each other. In a federal form of government, the judiciary is given a specific place. It can declare any law unconstitutional or ultra vires if it is not in the tune with the provisions of the constitution. If there was no demarcation of powers in centreand states, there would be a crisis and the federal set up would get strained.

2n^2+1=5 We need to find the value of n here; So, 2n^2+1=5 2n^2=5-1=4 2n^2=4 n^2=4/2=2 n=+-√2 n=+√2 or -√2