Sahara is the world’s largest desert. Yet beneath its surface could be found vast aquifers of fresh water. The basis of the huge ‘buried treasure’ of water was laid down in prehistoric times. The water found is clean and refreshing. 6000 years ago, Sahara was quite a different place. It was full of greenery and water. Prehistoric rock-art of Sahara indicates the presence of hippopotamuses which need water round the year. Migration of Paleo-monsoon to the Sahara region led to its wet and rainy climatic conditions. Later, around 5000 years ago, the monsoon shifted towards south, leaving Sahara in a state of drought. This led the inhabitants to migrate to the Nile Valley. The shift in the earth’s axis and decreased precipitation left the place dried out. Consequently, the soil lost its ability to hold water and vegetation decreased. For the past 4000 years Sahara has remained the same.

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer and mathematician known as the father of modern astronomy. He was the first European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, the heliocentric theory of the solar system.

पृथ्वी के वायुमण्डल मे ग्रीन हाउस गेसो के अत्योधक उत्सजन से पृथ्वी के तापमान मे लगातार हा रही वृद्धि का भूमंडलीय तापन कहते हैं। ग्रीन हाउस गैसों को जीएचजी के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। यह गैसें पृथ्वी के तापमान को बढ़ाने के लिए मुख्य रूप से जिम्मेदार होती हैं। 

Two major sites of prehistoric rock/cave paintings in India: Bhimbetka Caves and Jogimara Caves (Amarnath, Madhya Pradesh).

Socialization is a process of social learning through which a child acquires the norms, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours that are acceptable in his/her culture.
Main agents of socialization are following:

1. Parents:
   1. Parents have the most direct and significant impact on children's development.
   2. Parents encourage certain behaviours by rewarding them verbally (e.g. praising).
   3. They also discourage certain behaviours through non-approving behaviours,
   4. The conditions of life in which parents live (poverty, illness, job stress, nature of family) also influence the styles they adopt in socializing children.
2. School:
   1. ​​​​In schools children learn not only cognitive skills (e.g. reading, writing, doing mathematics) but also many social skills (e.g. way of behaving with elders and age mates, accepting roles, fulfilling responsibilities).
   2. Several other positive qualities such as self-initiative, self-control responsibility, and creativity are encouraged in schools.
3. Peer-Groups:
   1. Friendship provides children not only with a good opportunity to be in company of others, but also for organizing various activities (e.g. play) collectively with the member of their own age.
   2. Qualities like sharing, trust, mutual understanding, role acceptance and fulfillment develop on interaction with peers.
   3. Development of self-identity is greatly facilitated by the peer groups.
4. Media-Influences:
   1. ​​​​The exposure to violence on television enhances aggressive behaviour among children.
   2. In recent years media has also acquired the property of a socializing agent therefore children learn about many things from newspapers, television, books and cinema.

Education is a significant factor in India for its economic development. Since, its independence, India has always focused on improving the literacy rate in our country. The government of India runs many programs to improve Primary and Higher Education in India.

The Indian education system has developed over time. An important difference in our education system came with the establishment of the nation by the Britishers. It was the British Government that introduced contemporary education in India because they wanted a few educated Indians to help them in governing the state. Read the article On Education System In India.

The age group of lower primary school is 6 years to 10 years, for upper primary, it is 11 and 12 years. Children start their high school usually at the age of 13 ends at 15 or 16. Whereas, at the age of 17 and 18 years, they finish their higher secondary school The education provided in our schools and colleges is detached from life. The curriculum as formed and presented through the conventional methods of education does not give the students insight into the everyday world in which they are living. When they finish their studies, they feel ill-adjusted in society.

Each student is important and each one of them has the right to get complete attention during their academic growth. Some schools and colleges in India are over-crowded because of which teachers are not able to give personal attention to students. Therefore, it is important that schools should focus on each student’s development. The examination pattern has negatively affected our whole system of education. The whole system of examination is casually planned. Many of the people even after education is completed are not getting jobs in India. This is because they had a bad percentage on their academic qualifications. Nowadays, companies hire candidates based on the cut-off percentage of their academics. This is a wrong practice as it lowers the candidate’s self-confidence in getting a job in such a competition.

The education practice must make its contribution to the evolution of healthy habits, attitudes, and attributes of character so that the students become effective and disciplined citizens of the nation after the achievement of their studies. speech on education system in India, Such an improvement is impossible until a proper atmosphere has been given to the students through their academic period. Within the spectacles of books, our students have seen the scene of the vast world, but with their naked eyes, they may not get even a bird’s eye view of the things which they will be facing in life. There is a wide gap between theoretical and practical knowledge. Education should take care of the personality development of students. Sometimes in our country schools fails to give such training to the students and they end up with low self-confidence. If the schools will participate in student’s interpersonal skills improvement, then they would be rising like a star. This training will also help them to build their careers in the future on the basis of employment.

1. A national bank was set up in Japan on lines of the USA. This bank was allowed to print currency notes.
2. An educational department was set up in Japan. Education was made compulsory for six years old children.

#We will make use of user-defined python functions for this task.

#we will import math library to use sqrt(), this will be used to #calculate square root.

import math

def area_square(a):

area1=float(a*a);

print("Area of square is:",area1)

def area_circle(r):

area2=float(3.14*r*r);

print("Area of circle is:",area2)

def area_rectangle(a,b):

area3=float(a*b);

print("Area of rectangle is:",area3)

def area_triangle(x,y):

area4=float((x*y)/2);

print("Area of triangle is:",area4)

def peri_square(a):

peri1=float(4*a);

print("Perimeter of square is:",peri1)

def peri_circle(r):

peri2=float(2*3.14*r);

print("Perimter of circle is:",peri2)

def peri_triangle(a,b):

hypotenuse=float(math.sqrt(a*a+b*b))

peri3=float(a+b+hypotenuse)

print("Perimter of right angled triangle is:",peri3)

def peri_rectangle(a,b):

peri4=float(2*(a+b))

print("Perimter of rectangle is:",peri4)

side=float(input("enter the side of square:"))

area_square(side)

print()

peri_square(side)

radius=float(input("enter the radius of circle:"))

area_circle(radius)

peri_circle(radius)

length=float(input("enter the length of rectangle:"))

breadth=float(input("enter the breadth of rectangle:"))

area_rectangle(length,breadth)

peri_rectangle(length,breadth)

base=float(input("enter the base of right angled triangle:"))

height=float(input("enter the height of right angled triangle:"))

area_triangle(base,height)

peri_triangle(base,height)

This line contrasts the transience of human beings with the permanence of the sea. While the sea remains forever almost the same, human beings change fast in their physical appearance.

Having an Rh negative blood type is not an illness, and it usually does not affect your health. But it can affect pregnancy. Your pregnancy needs special care if you're Rh negative and your baby is Rh positive. That's called Rh incompatibility