The property of matter by virtue of which it regains its original configuration after removing the deforming force is called elasticity. All objects in nature are elastic and no effects in nature are rigid or plastic.

Implicit casting doesn't require a casting operator. This casting is normally used when converting data from smaller integral types to larger or derived types to the base type.

int x = 123;

double y = x;

In the above statement, the conversion of data from int to double is done implicitly, in other words programmer don't need to specify any type operators.

For example, the values of ushort and char are effectively interchangeable, because both store a number between 0 and 65535. You can convert values between these types implicitly.

There are many implicit conversions of simple types; bool and string have no implicit conversions, but the numeric types have a few. For reference, the following table shows the numeric conversions that the compiler can perform implicitly (remember that chars are stored as numbers, so char counts as a numeric type).

TYPE CAN SAFELY BE CONVERTED TO

byte short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, float, double, decimal

sbyte short, int, long, float, double, decimal

short int, long, float, double, decimal

ushort int, uint, long, ulong, float, double, decimal

int long, float, double, decimal

uint long, ulong, float, double, decimal

long float, double, decimal

ulong float, double, decimal

float double

char ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, float, double, decimal

Explicit conversion: Explicit casting requires a casting operator. This casting is normally used when converting a double to int or a base type to a derived type.

double y = 123;

int x = (int)y;

In the above statement, we have to specify the type operator (int) when converting from double to int else the compiler will throw an error.

The odd integers from 1 to 2001 are 1, 3, 5 …1999, 2001.

This sequence forms a Arithmetic Progression

Let the first term be ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’.

Let n be the total number of terms in the series.

Here, first term, <i>a</i> = 1

Common difference, <i>d</i> = 2

If l denotes the last term of the series

Then, l = a + (n – 1) × d

Here, l = 2001

⇒ 2001 = 1 + (n – 1) × 2

⇒ 2001 – 1 = (n – 1) × 2

⇒ 2000/2 = n – 1

⇒ 1000 + 1 = n

∴ n = 1001

Sum of A.P. =

⇒ S_n = 1002001

∴ The sum of odd numbers from 1 to 2001 is 1002001.

Special majority is required for amending the Constitution to make the process of amendment difficult. This is done to ensure that political parties do not pass amendments arbitrarily and any proposed amendment has the support of more than half the number of members of the actual strength of the house and not simply those that are present in the house. Special majority is inclined towards building a broad support among parliamentarians on issues of amendment.

• Use of violence does not achieve just ends in the long run as violence tends to become out of control and causes a trail of death and destruction.

• Violence involved in forcefully removing oppressors, liberation struggle and self-defence is often justified.

• However, the removal of oppressors by the oppressed class through violent struggle leads to another cycle of violence fuelled by a feeling for revenge.

• According to Mahatma Gandhi when violence is done for good, the good is temporary and the evil it does is permanent as violence breeds hatred and resentment and divides people instead of uniting them.

After the decline in the dominance of Congress in the states, states started demanding autonomy and less interference in their state's affairs. Centre state relations were leading to constant source of tensions. That is why sarkaria commission was appointed.

The Mpemba effect is a process in which hot water can freeze faster than cold water. The phenomenon is temperature-dependent. There is disagreement about the parameters required to produce the effect and about its theoretical basis.